Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Part One 1800–1846 Naturals and Naturalists
- Part Two 1846–1876 Warriors
- Part Three 1876–1900 Scientists
- Part Three Introduction
- “The Fixation of Belief” (excerpt), Popular Science Monthly (1877)
- “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (excerpt) Popular Science Monthly (1878)
- “Catastrophism and Evolution” (excerpt), The American Naturalist (1877)
- “The Spectrum of an Argand Burner,” Science (1883)
- “The New Astronomy. I. Spots on the Sun” (excerpt), The Century (1885)
- “Screw,” Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 21, 9th edition (1875–1889)
- “On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether,” American Journal of Science (1887)
- “The Lake as a Microcosm” (excerpt), Bulletin of the Peoria Scientific Association (1887)
- “Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants,” National Geographic Magazine (1894)
- “The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan” (excerpt), Botanical Gazette (1899)
- “On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, abstract,” American Journal of Science and Arts (1878)
- Bibliography
“On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether,” American Journal of Science (1887)
from Part Three - 1876–1900 Scientists
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Part One 1800–1846 Naturals and Naturalists
- Part Two 1846–1876 Warriors
- Part Three 1876–1900 Scientists
- Part Three Introduction
- “The Fixation of Belief” (excerpt), Popular Science Monthly (1877)
- “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (excerpt) Popular Science Monthly (1878)
- “Catastrophism and Evolution” (excerpt), The American Naturalist (1877)
- “The Spectrum of an Argand Burner,” Science (1883)
- “The New Astronomy. I. Spots on the Sun” (excerpt), The Century (1885)
- “Screw,” Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 21, 9th edition (1875–1889)
- “On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether,” American Journal of Science (1887)
- “The Lake as a Microcosm” (excerpt), Bulletin of the Peoria Scientific Association (1887)
- “Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants,” National Geographic Magazine (1894)
- “The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan” (excerpt), Botanical Gazette (1899)
- “On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, abstract,” American Journal of Science and Arts (1878)
- Bibliography
Summary
The discovery of the aberration of light was soon followed by an explanation according to the emission theory. The effect was attributed to a simple composition of the velocity of light with the velocity of the earth in its orbit. The difficulties in this apparently sufficient explanation were overlooked until after an explanation on the undulatory theory of light was proposed. This new explanation was at first almost as simple as the former. But it failed to account for the fact proved by experiment that the aberration was unchanged when observations were made with a telescope filled with water. For if the tangent of the angle of aberration is the ratio of the velocity of the earth to the velocity of light, then, since the latter velocity in water is three-fourths its velocity in a vacuum, the aberration observed with a water telescope should be four-thirds of its true value.
On the undulatory theory, according to Fresnel, first, the ether is supposed to be at rest except in the interior of transparent media, in which secondly, it is supposed to move with a velocity less than the velocity of the medium in the ratio (n2 - 1)/n2, where n is the index of refraction. These two hypotheses give a complete and satisfactory explanation of aberration. The second hypothesis, notwithstanding its seeming improbability, must be considered as fully proved, first, by the celebrated experiment of Fizeau, and secondly, by the ample confirmation of our own work. The experimental trial of the first hypothesis forms the subject of the present paper.
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- An Anthology of Nineteenth-Century American Science Writing , pp. 243 - 254Publisher: Anthem PressPrint publication year: 2012
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