Al-Qaida’s international terrorist attacks in 1998-2001 were secretive operations planned and coordinated by Abu Hafs al-Masri, al-Qaida’s military chief, fom Afghanistan. Abu Hafs appointed key personnel in Afghanistan to give technical assistance to the operational cells. In the 1998 attack in East Africa, the chief bomb-maker traveled from Afghanistan to Kenya and Tanzania to give assistance. After 1998 when al-Qaida tightened its security, mission-specific training such as bomb-making was given inside Afghanistan, usually at al-Qaida’s special training camp at Kandahar Airport. The international terrorist campaign was organized by a small elite within al-Qaida. It relied on newly arrived recruits, rather than seasoned al-Qaida cadre, to organize and execute the operations. This strengthens the impression that al-Qaida followed a dual strategy in Afghanistan with international terrorism and organization-building as two separate components.