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  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Al-Qaida in Afghanistan
  • Cited by 10
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781139871501
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139871501
Subjects:
Middle East Studies, Area Studies, History, Middle East History, Politics and International Relations, Middle East Government,Politics and Policy
Information

Book description

Since 9/11, al-Qaida has become one of the most infamous and widely discussed terrorist organizations in the world, with affiliates spread across the globe. However, little-known are the group's activities within Afghanistan itself, something which Anne Stenersen examines in this book. Using an array of unique primary sources, she presents an alternative narrative of al-Qaida's goals and strategies prior to 9/11. She argues that al-Qaida's actions were not just an ideological expression of religious fanaticism and violent anti-Americanism, but that they were actually far more practical and organised, with a more revolutionary and Middle Eastern-focused agenda than previously thought. Through Stenersen's analysis, we see how al-Qaida employed a dual strategy: with a small section focused on staging international terrorist attacks, but at the same time a larger part dedicated to building a resilient and cohesive organization that would ultimately serve as a vanguard for future Islamist revolutions.

Reviews

‘Anne Stenersen has written what surely is the definitive account of al-Qaida in Afghanistan. She writes with great authority and also is even-handed and well balanced in her assessments.'

Peter Bergen - author of Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden, from 9/11 to Abbottabad

‘This is the most comprehensive, carefully researched and detailed account of al-Qaida in Afghanistan until 2001. Stenersen makes in particular extensive use of Arabic sources, many of which have become available in recent years, and comes to a more sophisticated understanding of the organisation's aims and strategy.'

Antonio Giustozzi - King's College, University of London

‘Using a vast range of previously unexploited sources in multiple languages, Anne Stenersen reveals al-Qaida's strategic and operational doctrines, which were more complex and flexible than they are usually portrayed. Al-Qaida continues to show that it is far from defeated, and anyone who wants to know what it may be planning should read this outstanding and path-breaking book.'

Barnett Rubin - Center of International Cooperation, New York University

‘Fifteen years after 9/11, we finally have an in-depth organizational history of al-Qaida in its ‘golden age'. Anyone seeking a deeper understanding of why 9/11 happened must read this book.'

Thomas Hegghammer - Norweigan Defence Research Establishment

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Contents

Contents
References

Select Bibliography

Arabic Primary Sources

Qudama, Abu, al-Hami, Salih. fursan al-farida al-gha’iba: al-zarqawi wa al-jihad al-afghan. Place and publisher unknown, 2007. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo on February 24, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
al-Adl, Sayf. tajrubati maʻa abi musʻab al-zarqawi. Undated, Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad. Accessed October 12, 2011. www.tawhed.ws/pr?i=6477
“‘al-afghan-al-arab’ ikhtaffu am tahawwalu ila ‘taliban arab’? taliban wa kabul: maʻrakat taqsim afghanistan.” al-Hayat, September 30, 1996.
“akthtar min ra’i: mustaqbal al-afghan al-arab baʻda hazimat taliban.” al-Jazeera, November 23, 2001. Accessed February 25, 2016. www.aljazeera.net/
“al-amil al-mazduj ‘ramzi’ lil-hayat: rattabna liqa’ lil-zawahiri maʻa khattab fa-iʻtaqalatu al-shurta al-daghestaniyya ... wa-rashwa bi-40 alf dular iʻadatahu ila afghanistan.” al-Hayat, March 9, 2014. Accessed February 25, 2016. www.alhayat.com/Articles/977568
“baʻdama ablaghahu zaʻim al-haraka ‘istiya’ihi’ min tasrihatihi. bin ladin waʻada ‘taliban’ bi-waqf al-tahdid min afghanistan.” al-Hayat, August 25, 1998.
Bin Laden, Osama. “iʻlan al-jihad ala al-amrikyyin al-muhtallin li-bilad al-haramayn.” al-Quds al-Arabi, August 23, 1996.
Bin Laden, Osama. “bayan al-jabha al-islamiyya al-alamiyya li-jihad al-yahud wa al-salibiyyin.” al-Quds al-Arabi, February 23, 1998.
Bin Laden, Osama. bushrayat lil-shaykh usama. Speech given in Afghanistan, around June 19, 2001. Published by al-Sahab, July 2014. FFI’s Jihadi Video Database, Kjeller, Norway, video no. 855.
Bin Laden, Osama. “ila ali al-qadr amir al-mu’minin al-mulla muhammad umar mujahid hafidhahu allah.” October 3, 2001. Unpublished, courtesy former Taliban official (anonymized).
Bin Laden, Osama. “khutbat id al-fitr 1420 h.” al-Sahab, January 2000. Transcribed by Nukhbat al-Iʻlam al-Jihadi.
al-Dakhil, Turki. “tarhib irani bi-qarar al-saʻudiyya talab rahil al-qa’im bi al-aʻmal al-afghani.” al-Hayat, September 24, 1998.
Diraz, Isam. usama bin ladin yarwi maʻarik ma’sadat al-ansar al-arab bi-afghanistan. First edition. Cairo: Al-Manar al-Jadid, 1991.
Hamid, Mustafa. khiyana ala al-tariq. Place and publisher unknown, date unknown. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, on February 12, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Hamid, Mustafa. al-hamaqa al-kubra. Place and publisher unknown, date unknown. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, on February 12, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Hamid, Mustafa. al-matar 90. Place and publisher unknown, date unknown. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, on March 11, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Hamid, Mustafa. fatah khost. Place and publisher unknown, date unknown. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, on February 12, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Hamid, Mustafa. mashruʻ tajikistan. Place and publisher unknown, date unknown. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, on February 12, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Hamid, Mustafa. “bin ladin wa harakat taliban: sinaʻat al-harb wa al-hazima.” Mafa al-Siyasi – Adab al-Matarid, May 3, 2010. Accessed November 5, 2010. www.mafa.asia/ar/temp.php?K_Mafa=10521&id1=7&detail=38&cnl=0&t_p=1
Harun, Fadil [Fadil Abdallah Muhammad]. al-harb ala al-islam: qissat fadil harun. Vol. 1. Place and publisher unknown, 2009.
al-Hindukushi, Abu al-Shukara. mudhakkarati min kabul ila baghdad, al-juz 1–9. Place and publisher unknown, 2007. Accessed via Archive on February 5, 2016. https://archive.org/details/@alhindkoshi
“ibn ladin yahudd al-pakistaniyyin ala daʻm harakat ‘taliban’.” al-Hayat, November 19, 1998.
Ismaʻil, Jamal Abd al-Latif. bin ladin wa al-jazira wa ... ana. Place unknown: Dar al-Huriya, 2001.
Ulama, Ittihad Afghanistan. “al-fatwa bi-sha’n ikhraj usama bin ladin.” 3 Sha’ban 1420 [November 11, 1999]. In al-mizan li-harakat taliban by al-Uyayri, Yusuf. Place unknown: Markaz al-Dirasat wa al-Buhuth al-Islamiyya, 2001, 76–77. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository on March 4, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
“kunt jaran li-abu musʻab al-zarqawi.” Shabakat Ana al-Muslim, June 27, 2006. Accessed March 8, 2016. www.muslm.org/vb/showthread.php?167769
“maʻa al-shuhada’.” Al-Jihad 77 (April/May 1991): 46–47.
al-Maqdisi, Abu Ubayda. shuhada’ fi zaman al-ghurba. Place unknown: Al-Fajr Media Center, 2008. Accessed via al-Ikhlas on February 4, 2008. www.alekhlaas.net/
mawsuʻat al-jihad, al-juzz al-awwal: al-amn wal-istikhbarat.2nd electronic edition. Afghanistan: Maktab al-Khidamat, 1424 H. [2003].
Muhammad, Basil. al-ansar al-arab fi afghanistan. 2nd edition. Riyadh: Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiyya, 1991.
Muhammad, Fadil Abdallah. See Harun, Fadil.
Munib, Abu al-Harith. “al-shaykh haqqani fi hadith maʻa manbaʻ al-jihad.” Manbaʻ al-Jihad 2, no. 18, 18–20.
Munib, Wazir Ahmad. “al-shaykh yunus khalis li-manbaʻ al-jihad.” Manbaʻ al-Jihad 2, no. 18, 22–24.
Omar, Mullah Muhammad. “radd amir al-mu’minin ala risala.” 3 Sha’ban 1420 [November 11, 1999]. In al-mizan li-harakat taliban by al-Uyayri, Yusuf. Place unknown: Markaz al-Dirasat wa al-Buhuth al-Islamiyya, 2001, 77–78. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, March 4, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
“al-safir al-afghani fi al-qahira: ibn ladin mawjud fi mantiqat taliban.” al-Hayat, February 20, 1999.
Salah, Muhammad. “ʻal-jabha al-islamiyya al-alamiyya’: tahdhirat jadida lil-amirikyyin. albright tutalib ‘taliban’ bi-taslim usama bin ladin.” al-Hayat, August 19, 1998.
Salah, Muhammad. “taliban tanfi anba’ an itlaq rusas maʻa hurrasihi. afghanistan: ibn ladin yuʻawid al-zuhur qariban.” al-Hayat, May 3, 1999.
Salah, Muhammad. waqa’iʻ sanawat al-jihad: rihlat al-afghan al-arab. Cairo: Khulud lil-Nashar, 2001.
Salim, Muhammad. “al-yawm tahrir al-muslimin wa ghadan iqamat al-khilafa al-islamiyya.” al-Jihad, no. 119 (March 1995): 20.
Sandarusi, Hassan and Salah, Muhammad. “tazahurat fi duwal arabiyya wa islamiyya. rusia wa al-sin wa al-yapan tantaqidu al-ijra’ al-amiriki. britanya wa faransa tuʻayyidan…,” al-Hayat, August 22, 1998.
“al-saʻudiyya taqtaʻ ilaqatiha al-diblumasiyya maʻa taliban li-istimrariha fi istikhdam aradiha li-iwa’ al-irhabiyyin.” al-Sharq al-Awsat, September 26, 2001. Accessed March 12, 2011, www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=58797&issueno=8338
al-Shuʻaybi, Hamud bin Uqla. “su’al an sharaʻiyyit hukumat al-taliban.” 02/09/1421 H. [November 28, 2000]. Accessed September 17, 2015. www.aloglaa.com/?section=subject&SubjectID=180
al-Suri, Abu Musʻab. afghanistan wa al-taliban wa maʻrakat al-islam al-yawm. Kabul: Markaz al-Ghuraba’ lil-Dirasat al-Islamiyya, 1998.
Bin Laden, Osama. “muqabala maʻa sahifat al-ra’i al-amm al-kuwaytiyya.” Transcript of Abu Mus’ab al-Suri’s interview with journalist Majid al-Ali in Kabul, Afghanistan, 18 March 1999. Unpublished, courtesy Brynjar Lia.
Bin Laden, Osama. daʻwat al-muqawama al-islamiyya al-alamiyya. Place and publisher unknown, 2004. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, March 4, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/
Tawil, Camille. “al-subaʻi lil-hayat: iran salamat majmuʻa min al-masriyyin wa 12 a’ila min ‘al-jamaʻa’ adat tawwaʻan.” al-Hayat, December 13, 2003.
“washington taʻudd qarar ittiham diddahu li-idfa’ siffa qanuniyya ala mulahaqatihi. ‘taliban’ tarfud ardan amirikiyyan li-‘hiwar’ bi-sha’n usama bin ladin.” al-Hayat, August 26, 1998.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “ala amal tahqiq shurut al-iʻtiraf al-dawli baʻd ibtiʻadiha an ibn ladin. taliban tuharrim al-mukhaddarat wa tatlaf mahasilaha.” al-Hayat, February 20, 1999.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “al-haraka aʻtat al-aman li-ma la yaqill an 400 arabi wa rahabat bi-wujudihim. bin laden wa ‘al-afghan al-arab’ fi manatiq saytarat taliban.” al-Hayat, October 5, 1996.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “al-ulama’ al-afghan yabhathun fi mas’alat ibn ladin.” al-Hayat, September 23, 1998.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “anba’ an maʻarik fi dawahi qaʻidat baghram shimal al-asima al-afghaniyya. ta’ira majhula taghir ala qawa’id muqatili haqqani fi kabul.” al-Hayat, June 16, 1997.
Bin Laden, Osama. “bin ladin yubayi’u zaʻim taliban.” al-Jazeera, April 10, 2001.
Bin Laden, Osama. “fi zill bawadir tahawwul fi al-siyasa al-pakistaniyya al-da’ima lil-haraka. bin ladin yuttafiq maʻa zaʻim ‘taliban’ ala tanfidh mashariʻ fi al-janub.” al-Hayat, March 6, 1997.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “muhadathatahu shamilat al-irhab wa al-mukhaddarat wa huquq al-mar’a ... wa mudifu bin ladin qallalu min ahamiyyat tahdidatihi. richardson fi afghanistan aqnaʻa ‘taliban’ bi-hudna li-bad’ al-hiwar.” al-Hayat, April 18, 1998.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “qafilat «landcruiser» sawda’ tuʻabbir maʻa marwahiyyatayn al-hudud al-pakistaniyya–al-afghaniyya: 350 min rijal bin [ladin] li-yuqatilun fi shimal kabul.” al-Hayat, July 14, 1997.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “shukuk fi muwafaqat amirika … wa al-iraq wa al-shishan wajhatan muhtamilatan. ibn ladin yuwafiq ala mughadarat afghanistan shart an tatakattam taliban ala makanihi.” al-Hayat, October 30, 1999.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “ʻtaliban’ ahatat al-liqa’ bi-ajwa’ min al-takattum. ibn ladin istaqbal wafdan min ulama’ al-yaman.” al-Hayat, November 30, 1998.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “ʻtaliban’ ajilat fi naqlihi wa hadharatu min hajamat. bin ladin fi qandahar baʻidan an al-sahafa wa hirsan ala amnihi.” al-Hayat, April 8, 1997.
Zaydan, Ahmad. “ʻtaliban’ tastanjid bi-tulabihi wa hizb yunus. al-umam al-muttahida tu’akkid qatal shiʻa fi kabul.” al-Hayat, June 1, 1997.
Zaydan, Ahmad and al-Dakhil, Turki. “masʻud yuballigh ʻal-hayat’ asr askariyyin pakistaniyyin fi shimal kabul. tawaqquʻ darba amirikiyya jadida li-ʻtaliban’ bi-sabab ibn ladin.” al-Hayat, October 21, 1998.
al-Zawahiri, Ayman. fursan tahta rayat al-nabi. First edition. Place unknown: Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, 2001. Accessed via Jihadology on February 5, 2016. https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/ayman-al-zawahiri-knights-under-the-prophets-banner-first-edition.pdf
al-Zawahiri, Ayman. fursan tahta rayat al-nabi. 2nd edition. Place unknown: al-Sahab, 2010. Accessed via Jihadology on February 5, 2016. https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/ayman-al-zawahiri-knights-under-the-prophets-banner-second-edition.pdf
al-Zawahiri, Ayman. al-tabri’a: risala fi tabri’at ummat al-qalam wa al-sayf min munqissat tuhmat al-khawa wa al-daʻf. Place and publisher unknown, 2008. Accessed via Jihadi Document Repository, University of Oslo, March 4, 2016. www.hf.uio.no/ikos/english/research/jihadi-document-repository/

English Primary Sources

“A terrorist’s testimony [Ahmed Ressam’s testimony before the Federal District Court of the Southern District of New York, July 2001].” PBS Frontline, undated. Accessed December 17, 2010. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/trail/inside/testimony.html
Zubaydah, Abu. The Abu Zubaydah Diaries, vol. 1–6. Translated to English by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. Published by al-Jazeera, December 3, 2013. Accessed May 21, 2015. http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2013/11/original-documentstheabuzubaydahdiaries.html
“Afghan factions alliance to have no effect on Nangrahar govt.” Business Recorder, May 19, 1996.
“Afghan rebel gains against Soviets reported by U.S. aide.” Washington Post, July 6, 1987. Accessed via Los Angeles Times on February 10, 2016. http://articles.latimes.com/1987-07-06/news/mn-1274_1_soviet-troops
“Afghan Ulema declare death for Arab warlord.” Dawn archive, June 21, 1996.
“America must give up its irrational attitude. An interview with Minister of Information of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Maulavi Qudratullah.” Taleban Home Page, New York Office, July 19, 2000. Accessed via Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20010205154600/www.taleban.com/interviews.htm
Berger, J. M. Editor. Beatings and Bureaucracy: The Founding Memos of Al Qaeda. N.p.: Intelwire Press, 2012.
Bin Laden, Osama. Benevolence International: Court documents concerning an al Qaeda-linked charity front based in Chicago, Ill. N.p.: Intelwire Press, 2006.
Berger, J.M. Ali Mohamed: Documents, transcripts and analysis regarding al Qaeda’s most dangerous sleeper agent. N.p.: Intelwire Press, 2006.
Bin Laden, Osama. “Transcript of Usama bin Laden video tape.” Text of conversation between Osama bin Laden and Shaykh Khaled al-Harbi in Afghanistan on November 7, 2001. Translated by George Michael and Kassem M. Wahba on December 13, 2001. Unpublished. Courtesy Norwegian Government.
“Concern at reactivation of Afghan militant camps.” The News, November 22, 1996.
Cullison, Alan. “Inside al-Qaeda’s hard drive: Budget squabbles, baby pictures, office rivalries – and the path to 9/11.” The Atlantic Monthly, September 2004.
Cullison, Alan and Higgins, Andrew, “Once-stormy terror alliance was solidified by cruise missiles.” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2002.
“Eng. Hekmatyar proposes a united Islamic force for the Muslim world.” The Mujahideen 4, no. 3 (September/October 1990): 8.
Farivar, Masood. Confessions of a Mullah warrior. New York: Atlantic, 2009.
Fisk, Robert. “Muslim leader warns of a new assault on US forces.” The Independent, March 22, 1997.
Fisk, Robert. “The man who wants to wage holy war against the Americans.” The Independent, March 22, 1997.
Grenier, Robert. 88 days to Kandahar: a CIA diary. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
Hamid, Mustafa. The history of the Arab Afghans from the time of their arrival in Afghanistan until their departure with the Taliban. Serialized in al-Sharq al-Awsat, December 8–14, 2004. Translated to English by Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).
Hamid, Mustafa and Farrall, Leah. The Arabs at war in Afghanistan. London: Hurst, 2015.
al-Hammadi, Khalid. “Al-Qa’ida from within, as narrated by Abu-Jandal (Nasir al-Bahri).” Part 1-10. Originally published in Arabic in al-Quds al-Arabi March 20 – April 4, 2005. Translated to English by Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).
Hegghammer, Thomas. Dokumantasjon om al-Qaida: Intervjuer, kommunikéer og andre primærkilder, 1990–2002 [Documentation on al-Qaida: Interviews, communiqués and other primary sources, 1990–2002]. Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Estabslishment (FFI), 2002.
Bin Laden, Osama. Al-Qaida statements 2003–2004: A compilation of translated texts by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Kjeller: FFI, 2005.
Hikmatyar, Gulbuddin. Secret plans, open faces: From the withdrawal of Russians to the fall of the coalition government. Transl. by Taizi, Sher Zaman. Peshawar: Area Study Centre, 2004.
Hirschkorn, Phil, and Bergen, Peter. “Rare photos reveal Osama bin Laden’s Afghan hideout.” CNN, March 11, 2015.
“I am not afraid of death [Jamal Ismaʻil’s interview with Osama bin Laden on 22 December 22, 1998].” Newsweek, January 11, 1999.
Imran, Mohammad Ali. “Afghan Ulema declare death for Arab warlord.” The Muslim, June 21, 1996.
“Iran opens consulate in Jalalabad.” The Muslim, June 10, 1996.
Iqbal, Anwar. “Bin Laden forms a new Jihadi group.” United Press International, June 26, 2001.
“Jalalabad reaps economic reward of local peace.” The Muslim, July 10, 1996.
Khan, Behroz. “Saudi Arabia seeking deportation of bin-Laden from Afghanistan.” The News, March 3, 1997.
Khan, Ismail. “Arab group threatens war against ‘evil West, Muslim proteges’.” The News, May 14, 1996.
“Little comfort for families of Mujahideen.” Pakistan Times, July 12, 1996.
Miller, John, Stone, Michael and Mitchell, Chris. The cell: inside the 9/11 plot and why the FBI and CIA failed to stop it. New York: Hyperion, 2002.
Murshed, S. Iftikhar. Afghanistan: The Taliban years. London: Bennett and Bloom, 2006.
Nasiri, Omar. Inside the Jihad: My life with Al Qaeda. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
“New Afghan line-up.” The News, May 15, 1996.
“Radical Arabs use Pakistan as base for Holy War.” New York Times, April 8, 1993.
Sasson, Jean, Laden, Najwa bin and Laden, Omar bin. Growing up Bin Laden: Osama’s wife and son take us inside their secret world. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009.
Schroen, Gary C. First in: An insider’s account of how the CIA spearheaded the war on terror in Afghanistan. New York: Presidio Press, 2005.
Shaikh, Shakil. “Taliban to hand over 150 terrorists to Pakistan.” The News, October 6, 1999.
The Destruction of the American Destroyer USS Cole. Al-Sahab, 2001. Arabic with English subtitles. Accessed via FFI’s Jihadi Video Database, Kjeller, Norway. Videos no. 647 and 648.
al-Suri, Abu Musʻab and al-Suri, Abu Khalid. “Noble brother Abu-Abdallah [Letter to Osama bin Laden dated July 17, 1998].” Unpublished, courtesy Brynjar Lia, Andrew Higgins, and Alan Cullison.
“Transcript of Usama bin Laden video tape.” US Department of Defense, December 13, 2001. Accessed May 19, 2011. www.defense.gov/news/Dec2001/d20011213ubl.pdf
Yusufzai, Rahimullah. “The best story of my carreer.” Newsline, January 10, 2010.
Zaeef, Abdul Salam. My life with the Taliban. London: Hurst, 2010.

Primary Sources in other Languages

Исломий Амирликнинг қулаши [The Fall of the Islamic Emirate; Uzbek]. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan homepage, accessed September 26, 2014. On file with author.
El Aroud, Malika. Les soldats de lumière [Soldiers of Light; French], Dépôt légal: D/2003/9625/2, Imprimé en Belgique. Electronic version.
Mojdeh, Vahid. Afghanistan wa panj sal sultah taliban [Afghanistan under five years of Taliban sovereignty; Persian]. 2nd ed. Tehran: Nashreney, 1382 h. Translated from Persian by Sepideh Khalili and Saeed Ganji. Unpublished, 2003.
Mutawakil, Wakil Ahmad. Afghanistan aw Taliban [Afghanistan and the Taliban; Persian]. Place and publisher unknown, 1384 h. [2005]. Excerpts of the book are translated by Naeem Saddeqi (unpublished, 2011).
Omar, Mullah Mohammad. Qawanin mulla omar: Majmua qawanin taliban dar afghanistan [The Laws of Mullah Omar: Collection of the Taliban’s Laws in Afghanistan; Persian]. Tehran: Negah Amroz, 1381 h. Translated by Faezeh Robinson (unpublished, 2011).
Saqib, Allama Arshad Hassan. “Delightful facts.” Translated from Urdu by Noshad Mehsud. Al-Arshad, vol. and date unknown, 50–57. Accessed via PIPS Compendium 1.
Von Follath, Erich and Aust, Stefan. “Und dann schrie Mullah Omar [And then screamed Mullah Omar; German]. Der Spiegel 11, 2004: 118–122.

Archives Consulted

“Bin Laden’s Bookshelf.” Office of the Director of the National Intelligence, Washington, DC. www.dni.gov
“The Harmony Program.” Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY. Accessed online. www.ctc.usma.edu/programs-resources/harmony-program (January 29, 2016).
“Al-Qaeda and Associated Movements Collection.” The Conflict Records Resource Center. National Defense University, Washington, DC.
“The Guantanamo Files.” Wikileaks. Accessed online. http://wikileaks.ch/gitmo/ (July 31, 2012).
“The September 11th Sourcebooks,” The National Security Archive. Accessed online. www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/sept11/ (February 24, 2011).
Pak Institute of Peace Studies (PIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan. Sources referred to here as PIPS Compendium 1 and 2.
FFI’s Jihadi Video Database. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway.
Dawn archive, 1993-2001 (including newspaper clippings from Business Recorder, The News, The Muslim, Pakistan Times and United Press International). Karachi, Pakistan.
Al-Hayat electronic archives, 1994–2001.
Afghan Islamic Press Online, 1992–2001.
Al-Quds al-Arabi electronic archives, 1998–2001.

Captured Documents

“06 Ramadan.” November 11, 2002. From “Bin Laden’s Bookshelf, Declassified Material – May 20, 2015.” Office of the Director of the National Intelligence, Washington, DC.
AFGP-2002-000091. “Notes from Abd al-Hadi.” Undated. Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
AFGP-2002-000100. “This document contains a flyer addressed to all Arab immigrants. The flyer lists the Islamic Emirate officials’ names that would assist the Arab immigrants in entering the Emirate.” Undated. FMSO/Internet Archive. Accessed March 9, 2016. www.docexdocs.com/internetarchive/AFGP-2002-000100.pdf
AFGP-2002-000112. “Al-Qa’ida staff count public appointments.” Undated. Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
AFGP-2002-001111, “Letters to Abu Khabab.” Undated [ca. 1999]. Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
AFGP-2002–003677, “Ciphers and status of bin Laden’s security.” Undated Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
AFGP-2002–800321. “Information from the Military Committee Al-Mujahideen Affairs Office.” Court filing, Alsabri v. Obama, United States District Court, District of Columbia, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2016. www.docexdocs.com/gtmo/AFGP-2002-800321-Original.pdf
AFGP-2002–801138. “Various admin documents and questions.” Undated [circa June 3–Sept 22, 2000]. Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
“Al Adl letter.” June 13, 2002. Combating Terrorism Center West Point, NY.
AQ-MCOP-D-000-041, “Letter from Abu Massab to Abu Khabab; An invitation to Sheikh Abu-Mussab al-Suri and Sheikh ‘Isa al-Masri to attend a meeting, from the administration of the military camp of the strangers of Qargha Division.” Undated [before September 19, 1999]. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MCOP-D-000-916, “A letter from Abd al Hadi al-Ansari to Hasan al Ishmawi (2/2),” December 24, 2000. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MCOP-D-000-917, “A letter from Abd al Hadi al-Ansari to Hasan al Ishmawi (1/2),” December 24, 2000. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MCOP-D-000-922, “Personal letter regarding training and other issues from Abu Ataa al Sharqi to Abu Hafs.” May 1, 1997, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MCOP-D-001-149. “Al-Qaida letters.” Undated [circa 1997]. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MCOP-D-001-159. “The third report to Sudan,” March 21, 1994, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MISC-D-001-033, “Letter to Abu Khabab from Abu al-Bara’a,” undated, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MISC-D-001-034, “Recommendation letters to Abu Khabab to attend training at the toxin session and requests for aluminium powder and other materials for the toxin training, training requests for other brothers, and letters of other matters.” February 27, 2000, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MISC-D-001-264, “Abu Musab al-Suri’s datebook from Afghanistan in 1999 with names and some addresses of al-Qaeda members, Taliban officials and others; mentions al-Qaeda guest house at Qargha.” Undated [circa January 2000–March 2000], Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-000-037. “A letter in the form of a logistics and operations status report sent to Usama bin Laden,” October 28, 1998. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-000-824. “Weapons listing belonging to al-Qaida and other organizations,” March 1998. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-001-151, “Letter sent to Abu Hafs around 17/8/97, contains payment list, names and other information related to camps that belong to this organization.” August 17, 1997. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-001-422, “Top secret letter from Ahmed bin ‘Abd al-Aziz to Abu Alfaraj, the subjects: The meeting of Chief of Staffs for the Security and Military Committees.” December 7, 1998, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-001-424, “A letter from ‘Abd al-Hadi al-Ansari to Sheikh Taysir,” November 8, 1997, Conflict Records Research Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-MSLF-D-001-509, “A letter by Abd al-Aziz to Abu Hafs inquiring about the condition of Osama Bin Laden following the publication of several news reports about the Taliban’s intention to hand him over to the Saudi Government,” April 23, 1997, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-PMPR-D-001-421. “Letter from Ahmad bin ‘Abd al-’Aziz to ‘Abd al-Hadi in regards to a meeting of the general staff of the Security and Military Committee.” December 7, 1998, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-PMPR-D-001-554. “Two letters to Osama bin Laden, one from Mowlawi Mohammed Yunis of the Islamic Party of Afghanistan and one from H. Ibn al-Sheikh,” April 1, 1997, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-PMPR-D-001-837. “Al-Qa’eda recruitment and new personnel forms.” April 25, 2001, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-POAK-D-000-017. “A daily activity report about Taliban battles.” May 4, 1999. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-POAK-D-000-018. “Daily military report by Abd al Hadi al Ansari with details on a battle between the Taliban and the enemy on the front north of Kabul,” May 8, 1999. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-SHPD-D-000-039. A letter from Abd al-Hadi al-Ansari to Abu Hafs, November 26, 1998. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-SHPD-D-000-089. “A letter sent from the leader of a military group called Abou Atta el Charki to his training chief Abou Hafsse,” September 4, 1994, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-SHPD-D-000-809, “Loose pages of a book about Usama bin Laden,” 1419 h [April 1998–April 1999]. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-SHPD-D-001-285, “Document contains al-Qaeda review of the 9/11 attacks on the United States one year later,” undated (circa September 2002), Conflict Records Research Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-SHTP-D-000-103. “Letter to Abu Khalid from Abu Hafs Al-Masri about cooperation of Taliban, Al Qaida and Pakistan.” Date unknown [circa March 1997–June 1997]. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-TBGD-D-000-003. “13 clauses concerning immigration policies for Taliban-era Afghanistan.” Undated [circa January–March 2000], Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-TBGD-D-001-153. “Report on camps,” date unknown, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-TRED-D-000-924. “Report by Abu ‘Ataa’ Al-Sharqi evaluating training programs between Al-Qaida and Tajik mujahideen with recommendations for improvements,” January 13, 1994, Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-TRED-D-000-996. “Description of several courses in al-Qaeda training program for new recruits.” Undated [ca. 1998–2001]. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
AQ-TRED-D-001-406. “Various topics pertaining to al-Qaida operations and possibly al Farouq from personnel, weapons, equipment, training etc.” Undated. Conflict Records Resource Center, Washington, DC.
“Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) letter detailing the establishment of the IMU’s Bukhari Camp.” July 20, 2001. Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, NY.
“To our respected Shaykhs.” From “Bin Laden’s Bookshelf, Declassified Material – March 1, 2016.” Office of the Director of the National Intelligence, Washington, DC.

US Department of Defense

AF-000782. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, US9AF-000782DP [Awal Gul].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), February 15, 2008.
GZ-010016. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9GZ-010016DP [Abu Zubaydah].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), November 11, 2008.
KU-00028. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9KU-000228DP [Abdullah Kamel Abdullah].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), December 27, 2005.
LY-000194. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9LY-000194DP [Muhammad Abdallah Mansur Al-Rimi].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), March 8, 2006.
LY-000557. “Update Recommendation to Transfer to the Control of Another Country for Continued Detention (TRCD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9LY-000557DP [Abu Sufian Ibrahim Ahmed Hamouda].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), April 22, 2005.
LY-000708. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9LY-000708DP [Ismael Ali Bakush].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), January 22, 2008.
MO-000075. “Update Recommendation to Transfer to the Control of Another Country for Continued Detention (TRCD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9MO-000075D [Lahassimi Najib].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), June 3, 2005.
MO-000244. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9MO-000244DP [Abdulatif Nasser, aka Abu al-Harith].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), October 22, 2008.
SA-000063. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, US9SA-000063DP [Maad al-Qahtani].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), February 15, 2008.
SA-000196. Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9SA-000196DP [Musa al-Amri].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), March 31, 2007.
SA-000199. Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9SA-000199DP [Jabd AI Rahman Maath Thafir Al Umari].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), May 5, 2006.
SA-000669. “Response to the Designated Civilian Official (DCO) Decision to Transfer Guantanamo Detainee, AL ZUHAYRI, AHMAD ZAYID SALIM, ISN US9SA-000669DP.” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), December 29, 2008.
SA-000713. “Detainee Assessment Brief ICO Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9SA-000713DP [Mohammed Muti-Zahran].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), July 4, 2008.
SA-000768. “Recommendation to Retain under DoD Control (DoD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9SA-000768 [Ahmed al-Darbi]. Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), October 1, 2004.
SA-010015. “Combatant Status Review Tribunal Input and Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9SA-010015DP [Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri], Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), December 8, 2006.
SY-000489. “Detainee Assessment Brief ICO Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9SY-000489DP [Abd Al Rahim Abdul Raza Janko].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), June 30, 2008.
YM-0001457. “Detainee Assessment Brief ICO Guantanamo Detainee, ISN PK9YM-0001457DP [Abdu Ali Sharqawi, aka Riyadh the Facilitator].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), July 7, 2008.
YM-000242. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9YM-000242DP [Khaled Ahmad].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), April 7, 2008.
YM-000689. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9YM-000689DP [Mohammed al-Hatabi]. Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), May 12, 2008.
YM-000837. “Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN US9YM-000837DP [Bashir Nasir Ali al-Marwalah].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), May 30, 2008.
YM-010014. “Combatant Status Review Tribunal Input and Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control (CD) for Guantanamo Detainee, ISN: US9YM-010014DP [Walid bin Attash].” Department of Defense (Joint Task Force Guantanamo), December 8, 2006.

US Department of State

Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Afghanistan: Bin Laden reportedly in Jalalabad.” October 14, 1996. Accessed March 2, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/96ISLAMABAD8679_a.html
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban asserts “Arabs” have fled training camps; bin Laden’s whereabouts unknown,” September 19, 1996. Accessed March 2, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/96ISLAMABAD8055_a.html
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban official confirms that Mullah Omar asked bin Laden to refrain from “anti-Saudi” activities.” March 27, 1997. Accessed March 3, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/97ISLAMABAD2488_a.html
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Afghanistan: Tensions reportedly mount within Taliban as ties with Saudi Arabia deteriorate over bin Laden.” September 28, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Afghanistan: The enigmatic Mullah Omar and Taliban descision-making.” March 28, 1997. Accessed February 29, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/97ISLAMABAD2533_a.html
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Osama bin Laden: Charge underscores U.S. concerns on interviews; Taliban envoy says bin Laden hoodwinked them and it will not happen again,” December 30, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Osama bin Laden: Taliban spokesman seeks new proposal for resolving bin Laden problem.” November 28, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Islamabad) Cable. “Pakistan/Afghanistan reaction to U.S. air strikes,” August 24, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Peshawar) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban agree to visits of militant training camps, admit bin Ladin is their guest,” January 9, 1997. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Peshawar) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban stall in permitting Western journalists access to Osama bin Laden,” November 11, 1996. Accessed February 29, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/96PESHAWAR1059_a.html
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban’s Mullah Omar’s 8/22 Contact with State Department,” August 23, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Afghanistan: Meeting with the Taliban,” December 11, 1997. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Afghanistan: Taliban convene Ulema, Iran and bin Ladin on the agenda,” September 25, 1998. National Security Archive.
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Afghanistan: Whereabouts of extremist supporter Osama bin Laden.” September 4, 1996. Accessed February 29, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/96STATE183372_a.html
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Afghanistan: Saudi polcouns says they still want bin Laden,” May 5, 1997. Accessed March 3, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/97STATE83213_a.html
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Demarche to the Taliban on terrorism,” September 18, 1996. Accessed March 1, 2016. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/96STATE194868_a.html
Department of State (Washington) Cable. “Message to Mullah Omar,” October 1, 1998. National Security Archive.
State Department Report. “U.S. Engagement with the Taliban on Osama Bin Laden.” July 16, 2001. National Security Archive.

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