Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of illustrations
- List of contributors
- List of abbreviations
- General introduction and acknowledgements
- Introduction générale et remercients par
- Introduction (English)
- Introduction (français)
- The sea and seapower within the international system
- Germany, 1870–1914: a military empire turns to the sea
- The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1937–1942
- The US as a new naval power, 1890–1919
- World war suspended and resumed: Russia, 1919–1940
- Freedom and control of the seas, 1856–1919
- Unclos and the modern law of the sea
- New navies and maritime powers
- Britain, 1815–1850: naval power or sea power?
- Free trade, industrialization and the global economy, 1815–1914
- Coal and the sea
- Shipbuilding and power: some reflections
- Maintaining naval hegemony in the industrial age: Britain, 1850–1889
- Naval armaments races, 1889–1922
- The British Empire and the war at sea, 1914–1918
- Steaming worldwide waters: adaptation and transformation in the Netherlands
- Austria-Hungary: an inland empire looks to the sea
- The Ottoman Empire and the sea, 1789–1922
- Empire and trade without a major navy: Portugal
- Italy, 1861–1914: did the sea build a state and an empire?
- Imperial failure of the industrial age: Spain, 1805–1898
- Denmark: a small power with a growing shipping industry
- Sweden and the sea in the 19th century
- Navies, internal order and trade in South America, 1830–1914
- The sea and the American Civil War
- The wider Caribbean during the 19th and 20th centuries
- Ship canals
- Oil and water
- Imperial failure in the industrial age: China, 1842–1911
- China turns to the sea, 1912–1990
- India and the sea
- Les Îles d'Océanie et l'ouverture sur la mer à l'heure de la première mondialisation contemporaine
- Maritime labour
- Fisheries
- Geographical determinism and the growth of the American whaling and sealing industries
- La France et la mer, 1815–1914
- Russia tries the new naval technologies, 1815–1914
- The First World War and Japan: from the Anglo-Japanese Alliance to the Washington Treaty
- The sea in the Great War
- The Mediterranean and World War I
- Germany in World War One: naval strategy and warfare
- The sea in German grand strategy, 1919–1939/40
- The case of Germany in the first part of World War II, 1939–1942
- Britain on the defensive, 1939–1942
- Britain and the sea, 1943–1945
- The Washington Treaty era, 1919–1936: naval arms limitation
- The Washington Treaty era: neutralising the Pacific
- The United States and the Second World War
- The sea as a decisive factor in the Second World War
- The sea and the rise of the dictators: Italy, 1919–1940
- The Italian offensive, 1940–1941
- The sea and the Cold War
- NATO as a maritime alliance in the Cold War
- The sea and the Soviet Empire
- The sea and the economic slump, 1919–1939
- Océans et globalisation depuis 1945
- America's Pacific power in a global age
- Les nouvelles ressources océaniques
- Hiérarchies portuaires dans le monde et changements régionaux de connectivité maritime, 1890–2010
- Between empires and institutions: non-state actors and the sea since 1945
- The narcotics trade and the sea
- Climate change and world trade
- La France et la mer depuis 1945: une mutation inachevée
- Changes in naval power and seaborne trade in postwar Asian waters
- Looking to the future
- Conclusion(English)
- Conclusion(français)
- General conclusion
- Conclusion générale par
- Miscellaneous Endmatter 1
- Miscellaneous Endmatter 2
World war suspended and resumed: Russia, 1919–1940
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 May 2017
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of illustrations
- List of contributors
- List of abbreviations
- General introduction and acknowledgements
- Introduction générale et remercients par
- Introduction (English)
- Introduction (français)
- The sea and seapower within the international system
- Germany, 1870–1914: a military empire turns to the sea
- The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1937–1942
- The US as a new naval power, 1890–1919
- World war suspended and resumed: Russia, 1919–1940
- Freedom and control of the seas, 1856–1919
- Unclos and the modern law of the sea
- New navies and maritime powers
- Britain, 1815–1850: naval power or sea power?
- Free trade, industrialization and the global economy, 1815–1914
- Coal and the sea
- Shipbuilding and power: some reflections
- Maintaining naval hegemony in the industrial age: Britain, 1850–1889
- Naval armaments races, 1889–1922
- The British Empire and the war at sea, 1914–1918
- Steaming worldwide waters: adaptation and transformation in the Netherlands
- Austria-Hungary: an inland empire looks to the sea
- The Ottoman Empire and the sea, 1789–1922
- Empire and trade without a major navy: Portugal
- Italy, 1861–1914: did the sea build a state and an empire?
- Imperial failure of the industrial age: Spain, 1805–1898
- Denmark: a small power with a growing shipping industry
- Sweden and the sea in the 19th century
- Navies, internal order and trade in South America, 1830–1914
- The sea and the American Civil War
- The wider Caribbean during the 19th and 20th centuries
- Ship canals
- Oil and water
- Imperial failure in the industrial age: China, 1842–1911
- China turns to the sea, 1912–1990
- India and the sea
- Les Îles d'Océanie et l'ouverture sur la mer à l'heure de la première mondialisation contemporaine
- Maritime labour
- Fisheries
- Geographical determinism and the growth of the American whaling and sealing industries
- La France et la mer, 1815–1914
- Russia tries the new naval technologies, 1815–1914
- The First World War and Japan: from the Anglo-Japanese Alliance to the Washington Treaty
- The sea in the Great War
- The Mediterranean and World War I
- Germany in World War One: naval strategy and warfare
- The sea in German grand strategy, 1919–1939/40
- The case of Germany in the first part of World War II, 1939–1942
- Britain on the defensive, 1939–1942
- Britain and the sea, 1943–1945
- The Washington Treaty era, 1919–1936: naval arms limitation
- The Washington Treaty era: neutralising the Pacific
- The United States and the Second World War
- The sea as a decisive factor in the Second World War
- The sea and the rise of the dictators: Italy, 1919–1940
- The Italian offensive, 1940–1941
- The sea and the Cold War
- NATO as a maritime alliance in the Cold War
- The sea and the Soviet Empire
- The sea and the economic slump, 1919–1939
- Océans et globalisation depuis 1945
- America's Pacific power in a global age
- Les nouvelles ressources océaniques
- Hiérarchies portuaires dans le monde et changements régionaux de connectivité maritime, 1890–2010
- Between empires and institutions: non-state actors and the sea since 1945
- The narcotics trade and the sea
- Climate change and world trade
- La France et la mer depuis 1945: une mutation inachevée
- Changes in naval power and seaborne trade in postwar Asian waters
- Looking to the future
- Conclusion(English)
- Conclusion(français)
- General conclusion
- Conclusion générale par
- Miscellaneous Endmatter 1
- Miscellaneous Endmatter 2
Summary
ABSTRACT.Soviet governments initially regarded their navy with suspicion and could hardly foresee a use for it. By the 1930s Russian strategists were moving from revolutionary enthusiasm towards great-power realism and planning to build a battle-fleet able to dominate the Baltic and Black Sea. In reality this expressed Soviet aspirations to great-power status rather than any realistic strategy. Like the army, the navy lost many of its senior officers to Stalin's purges, it had always suffered from the low educational level of Russian society and in 1940 it was completely outfought by the Finns, after which the battleship programme was quietly abandoned.
RÉSUMÉ.Les gouvernements soviétiques ont dans un premier temps été très méfiants à l'égard de leur marine qui ne revêtait pour eux que peu d'utilité. À partir des années 1930, les stratèges russes quittèrent leur enthousiasme révolutionnaire pour un réalisme propre aux grandes puissances, et projetèrent de construire une flotte de guerre capable de dominer la mer Baltique et la mer Noire. En réalité, ces plans étaient plus le reflet des velléités soviétiques à devenir une grande puissance, qu'une stratégie réaliste. Tout comme l'armée, la marine perdit un grand nombre de ses hauts gradés suite aux purges menées par Staline, et a toujours pâti de la faiblesse du niveau d'éducation de la société russe. Après avoir subi une cuisante défaite face aux Finlandais en 1940, le programme fut discrètement abandonné.
What role did the sea play for the young Soviet regime before the Second World War? The economic system the Bolsheviks introduced in Russia did not assign much importance to economic exchange with the surrounding world, and throughout the inter-war period Soviet seaborne trade remained limited. Already before the First World War the bulk of Russian foreign trade had gone either by rail or in foreign ships, and the dissolution of the Tsarist Empire in 1917–1920 reinforced this pattern. Suddenly, most of Russia's Baltic Sea coastline belonged to other countries, together with most of the Russian merchant fleet. In 1928, when the world's seaborne commerce finally had begun to return to pre-war levels, the Soviet merchant marine(Sovtorgflot) totalled less than 256,000 register tons(including sailing ships and tugs). As a comparison, the world's total merchant tonnage at the time amounted to some 61.6 million tons(excluding sailing ships and vessels under 100 gross tons).
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- The Sea in History - The Modern World , pp. 49 - 58Publisher: Boydell & BrewerPrint publication year: 2017