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5 - Alignment

Identifying Potential Alignments Between Diplomatic and Judicial Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2018

Mark S. Ellis
Affiliation:
International Bar Association
Yves Doutriaux
Affiliation:
Conseil d’État
Timothy W. Ryback
Affiliation:
Académie Diplomatique Internationale
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Summary

This chapter examines tensions that arose between parallel—and sometimes competing—diplomatic and judicial processes during the 2011 humanitarian crisis in Libya that resulted from Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s deployment of military force against civilians calling for his ouster. In February 2011, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1970, referring the crisis in Libya to the International Criminal Court, and providing for embargoes, sanctions and other assertive measures to end the conflict. Subsequent diplomatic support for the ICC was undermined by the shifted focus on military action and diplomatic efforts to negotiate “an arrangement” for Gaddafi to relinquish power in exchange for immunity from prosecution. This case raises several questions: What motivated the UNSC to act in referring the Libya case to the ICC at the time the National Transitional Council was created? To what extent were considerations of conflict resolution weighed in conjunction with the imperatives of international criminal justice? Could the contradictions between two UN mandated processes have been reframed as assets in negotiation processes?
Type
Chapter
Information
Justice and Diplomacy
Resolving Contradictions in Diplomatic Practice and International Humanitarian Law
, pp. 87 - 107
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

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References

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Smith, D., “Gaddafi Offers to Negotiate with Libya Rebels Over Transfer of Power,” The Guardian, August 28, 2011.Google Scholar
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Triponel, Anna F. and Williams, Paul R.The Clash of the Titans: Justice and Realpolitik in Libya” (2012) 28 American University Journal of International Law, pp. 775834.Google Scholar
Vinjamuri, L. and Snyder, J., “ICC Sheriff Too Quick on the Draw” Duck of Minerva, May 9, 2011.Google Scholar
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Ellis, M., Sovereignty and Justice: Balancing the Principle of Complementarity between International and Domestic War Crimes Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014).Google Scholar
Freeman, M., Necessary Evils – Amnesties and the Search for Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. John, R. B., Libya: From Colony to Revolution (London: Oneworld, 2011).Google Scholar
Kersten, M., “Between Justice and Politics: The International Criminal Court’s Intervention in Libya” in Stahn, C., De Vos, C. and Kendall, S. (eds.), International Criminal Justice and “Local Ownership”: Assessing the Impact of Justice Interventions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Kersten, M., Justice in Conflict: The Effects of the International Criminal Court’s Interventions on Ending Wars and Building Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Schabas, W., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheffer, D., All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Vandewalle, D., A History of Modern Libya, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajbaili, M. and Ghasemilee, S., “NATO, Libyan Rebel Council Reject Gaddafi’s Offer for Ceasefire, Negotiations,” Al Arabiya News, April 30, 2011.Google Scholar
Bellamy, A. J., “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm” (2011) 25 Ethics & International Affairs, 3, pp. 263269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsall, A., “The Responsibility to Protect and the ICC: A Problematic Relationship?” (2015) 26 Criminal Law Forum, 1, pp. 5172.Google Scholar
Black, I., “Turkey Asks Libya Summit to Back Peace Negotiations,” The Guardian, July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Boot, M., “Gaddafi Exile Unlikely,” Commentary Magazine, March 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Chesterman, S., “Leading from Behind’: The Responsibility to Protect, The Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention After Libya” (2011) 25 Ethics & International Affairs, 3, pp. 1135.Google Scholar
Chothia, F., “Why Is Libya Lawless?” BBC News, January 27, 2015.Google Scholar
Cowell, A., “In Shift, Britain Says Gaddafi Could Remain in Libya,” The New York Times, July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Cryer, R., “Sudan, Resolution 1593 and International Criminal Justice” (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law, 1, pp. 195222.Google Scholar
Dicker, R., “Handing Gaddafi a Get-Out-Of-Jail-Free Card,” The New York Times, August 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, M. and Louw, A., “Justice and the Libyan Crisis: The ICC’s Role under Security Council Resolution 1970,” ISS Briefing Paper, May 31, 2011.Google Scholar
Dunne, T. and Gifkins, J., “Libya and the State of Intervention” (2011) 65 Australian Journal of International Affairs, 5, 515529.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., “Trial of the Libyan Regime – An Investigation into International Fair Trial Standards,” International Bar Association, November 2015.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., “Peace for All or Justice for One?” The New York Times, August 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Kareen, F., “Truce Plan for Libya Is Rejected by Rebels,” The New York Times, April 11, 2011.Google Scholar
The Failed States Index 2011,” Foreign Policy, June 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi’s Death May Be War Crime: ICC Prosecutor,” Reuters, December 16, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Regime in Talks with France,” Al Jazeera, July 10, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Said to Accept Truce Road Map,” Al Jazeera, April 10, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Vows to Stay Out of AU Peace Talks,” Al Jazeera, June 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Goldstone, R., “ICC’s Libyan Crisis Shows Saif Gaddafi Should Be Tried in The Hague,” The Guardian, June 22, 2012.Google Scholar
Heller, K. J., “The International Commission of Inquiry on Libya: A Critical Analysis” in Meierhenrich, J. (ed.), International Commissions: The Role of Commissions of Inquiry in the Investigation of International Crimes 2013. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2123782.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Libya: Amend New Special Procedures,” May 11, 2012.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG), “Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (V): Making Sense of Libya” (June 6, 2011).Google Scholar
ICG, “Trial by Error: Justice in Post-Qadhafi Libya” (April 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Kalin, I., “A Roadmap for Libya,” The Guardian, May 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Kersten, M., “The ICC and Its Impact: More Known Unknowns,” Open Democracy, November 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Libya Commander Abdel Hakim Belhaj to Sue UK Government,” BBC News, December 19, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya: Gaddafi Regime’s US-UK Spy Links Revealed,” BBC News, September 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya Protests: Defiant Gaddafi Refuses to Quit,” BBC News, February 22, 2011.Google Scholar
Libyan Rebels Reject African Union Peace Plan,” The Independent, April 11, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya: Zuma Says Gaddafi Will Not Quit,” BBC News, May 31, 2011.Google Scholar
Lichfield, J., “France Confirms Negotiations with Gaddafi Regime,” The Independent, July 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Lynch, C., “Rice Says Libyan People Can Decide Whether to Try Gaddafi; ICC Says Not So Fast,” Foreign Policy, August 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Matar, H., “The Killing of Abdelsalam al-Mismari, and the Triumph of Fear in Libya,” The Guardian, July 30, 2013.Google Scholar
Norton-Taylor, R. and Stephen, C., “Gaddafi Can’t Be Left in Libya, Says International Criminal Court,” The Guardian, July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Philippe, S., “The ICC Arrest Warrants Will Make Colonel Gaddafi Dig in His Heels” The Guardian, May 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. and Mangan, F., “Illicit Trafficking and Libya’s Transition: Profits and Losses,” United States Institute for Peace, February 24, 2014.Google Scholar
Smith, D., “Gaddafi Offers to Negotiate with Libya Rebels Over Transfer of Power,” The Guardian, August 28, 2011.Google Scholar
Stahn, C., “Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretative Guidelines for the International Criminal Court” (2005) 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3, pp. 695720.Google Scholar
Triponel, Anna F. and Williams, Paul R.The Clash of the Titans: Justice and Realpolitik in Libya” (2012) 28 American University Journal of International Law, pp. 775834.Google Scholar
Vinjamuri, L. and Snyder, J., “ICC Sheriff Too Quick on the Draw” Duck of Minerva, May 9, 2011.Google Scholar
What Gaddafi Said,” Foreign Affairs, June 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., Sovereignty and Justice: Balancing the Principle of Complementarity between International and Domestic War Crimes Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014).Google Scholar
Freeman, M., Necessary Evils – Amnesties and the Search for Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. John, R. B., Libya: From Colony to Revolution (London: Oneworld, 2011).Google Scholar
Kersten, M., “Between Justice and Politics: The International Criminal Court’s Intervention in Libya” in Stahn, C., De Vos, C. and Kendall, S. (eds.), International Criminal Justice and “Local Ownership”: Assessing the Impact of Justice Interventions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Kersten, M., Justice in Conflict: The Effects of the International Criminal Court’s Interventions on Ending Wars and Building Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Schabas, W., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheffer, D., All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Vandewalle, D., A History of Modern Libya, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajbaili, M. and Ghasemilee, S., “NATO, Libyan Rebel Council Reject Gaddafi’s Offer for Ceasefire, Negotiations,” Al Arabiya News, April 30, 2011.Google Scholar
Bellamy, A. J., “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm” (2011) 25 Ethics & International Affairs, 3, pp. 263269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsall, A., “The Responsibility to Protect and the ICC: A Problematic Relationship?” (2015) 26 Criminal Law Forum, 1, pp. 5172.Google Scholar
Black, I., “Turkey Asks Libya Summit to Back Peace Negotiations,” The Guardian, July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Boot, M., “Gaddafi Exile Unlikely,” Commentary Magazine, March 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Chesterman, S., “Leading from Behind’: The Responsibility to Protect, The Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention After Libya” (2011) 25 Ethics & International Affairs, 3, pp. 1135.Google Scholar
Chothia, F., “Why Is Libya Lawless?” BBC News, January 27, 2015.Google Scholar
Cowell, A., “In Shift, Britain Says Gaddafi Could Remain in Libya,” The New York Times, July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Cryer, R., “Sudan, Resolution 1593 and International Criminal Justice” (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law, 1, pp. 195222.Google Scholar
Dicker, R., “Handing Gaddafi a Get-Out-Of-Jail-Free Card,” The New York Times, August 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, M. and Louw, A., “Justice and the Libyan Crisis: The ICC’s Role under Security Council Resolution 1970,” ISS Briefing Paper, May 31, 2011.Google Scholar
Dunne, T. and Gifkins, J., “Libya and the State of Intervention” (2011) 65 Australian Journal of International Affairs, 5, 515529.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., “Trial of the Libyan Regime – An Investigation into International Fair Trial Standards,” International Bar Association, November 2015.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., “Peace for All or Justice for One?” The New York Times, August 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Kareen, F., “Truce Plan for Libya Is Rejected by Rebels,” The New York Times, April 11, 2011.Google Scholar
The Failed States Index 2011,” Foreign Policy, June 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi’s Death May Be War Crime: ICC Prosecutor,” Reuters, December 16, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Regime in Talks with France,” Al Jazeera, July 10, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Said to Accept Truce Road Map,” Al Jazeera, April 10, 2011.Google Scholar
Gaddafi Vows to Stay Out of AU Peace Talks,” Al Jazeera, June 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Goldstone, R., “ICC’s Libyan Crisis Shows Saif Gaddafi Should Be Tried in The Hague,” The Guardian, June 22, 2012.Google Scholar
Heller, K. J., “The International Commission of Inquiry on Libya: A Critical Analysis” in Meierhenrich, J. (ed.), International Commissions: The Role of Commissions of Inquiry in the Investigation of International Crimes 2013. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2123782.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Libya: Amend New Special Procedures,” May 11, 2012.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG), “Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (V): Making Sense of Libya” (June 6, 2011).Google Scholar
ICG, “Trial by Error: Justice in Post-Qadhafi Libya” (April 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Kalin, I., “A Roadmap for Libya,” The Guardian, May 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Kersten, M., “The ICC and Its Impact: More Known Unknowns,” Open Democracy, November 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Libya Commander Abdel Hakim Belhaj to Sue UK Government,” BBC News, December 19, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya: Gaddafi Regime’s US-UK Spy Links Revealed,” BBC News, September 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya Protests: Defiant Gaddafi Refuses to Quit,” BBC News, February 22, 2011.Google Scholar
Libyan Rebels Reject African Union Peace Plan,” The Independent, April 11, 2011.Google Scholar
Libya: Zuma Says Gaddafi Will Not Quit,” BBC News, May 31, 2011.Google Scholar
Lichfield, J., “France Confirms Negotiations with Gaddafi Regime,” The Independent, July 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Lynch, C., “Rice Says Libyan People Can Decide Whether to Try Gaddafi; ICC Says Not So Fast,” Foreign Policy, August 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Matar, H., “The Killing of Abdelsalam al-Mismari, and the Triumph of Fear in Libya,” The Guardian, July 30, 2013.Google Scholar
Norton-Taylor, R. and Stephen, C., “Gaddafi Can’t Be Left in Libya, Says International Criminal Court,” The Guardian, July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Philippe, S., “The ICC Arrest Warrants Will Make Colonel Gaddafi Dig in His Heels” The Guardian, May 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. and Mangan, F., “Illicit Trafficking and Libya’s Transition: Profits and Losses,” United States Institute for Peace, February 24, 2014.Google Scholar
Smith, D., “Gaddafi Offers to Negotiate with Libya Rebels Over Transfer of Power,” The Guardian, August 28, 2011.Google Scholar
Stahn, C., “Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretative Guidelines for the International Criminal Court” (2005) 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3, pp. 695720.Google Scholar
Triponel, Anna F. and Williams, Paul R.The Clash of the Titans: Justice and Realpolitik in Libya” (2012) 28 American University Journal of International Law, pp. 775834.Google Scholar
Vinjamuri, L. and Snyder, J., “ICC Sheriff Too Quick on the Draw” Duck of Minerva, May 9, 2011.Google Scholar
What Gaddafi Said,” Foreign Affairs, June 4, 2011.Google Scholar

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