Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:47:11.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26A - Neuroendocrine lesions of the skin

from Chapter 26 - Skin manifestations in endocrine diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 April 2017

By
Karen A. Naert ,
Nadya Al-Faraidy ,
Ayman Al-Habeeb  and
Danny Ghazarian
Edited by
Ozgur Mete  and
Sylvia L. Asa
Ozgur Mete
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Sylvia L. Asa
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Endocrine Pathology , pp. 914 - 931
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Elder, D.E.. Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.Google Scholar
Merkel, F.. Tastzellen und Tastkoerperchen bei den Haustieren und beim Menschen. Arch Microsc Anat 1875;11:636–652.Google Scholar
van Keymeulen, A. et al. Epidermal progenitors give rise to Merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. J Cell Biol 2009;187:91–100.Google Scholar
Morrison, K.M. et al. Mammalian Merkel cells are descended from the epidermal lineage. Devel Biol 2009;336:76–83.Google Scholar
Eispert, A.-C. et al. Evidence for distinct populations of human Merkel cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2009;132:83–93.Google Scholar
Moll, I. et al. Human Merkel cells: aspects of cell biology, distribution and functions. Eur J Cell Biol 2005;82:259–271.Google Scholar
Lucarz, A. and Brand, G.. Current considerations about Merkel cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2007;86:243–251.Google Scholar
Boulais, N. and Misery, L.. Merkel cells. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:147–165.Google Scholar
Hartschuh, W. and Schulz, T.. Merkel cell hyperplasia in chronic radiation-damaged skin: its possible relationship to fibroepithelioma of Pinkus. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:477–483.Google Scholar
Kanitakis, J. et al. Merkel cells in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the skin. Dermatol 1998;196:208–212.Google Scholar
Schulz, T. and Hartschuh, W.. Merkel cells in nevus sebaceus: An immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;16:570–579.Google Scholar
Hartschuh, W. and Schulz, T.. Merkel cells are integral constituents of desmoplastic trichoepithelioma: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:413–421.Google Scholar
Schulz, T. and Hartschuh, W.. Merkel cells are absent in basal cell carcinomas but frequently found in trichoblastomas: An immunohistochemical study. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:14–24.Google Scholar
Dadzie, O. and Teixeira, F.. What can primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinomas with squamoid and neuroendocrine differentiation teach us about the origin of Merkel cells? Int J Dermatol 2009;48:91–93.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, G. and Villamizar, R.. Carcinoid tumor with skin metastasis. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:263–269.Google Scholar
Lee, W-J. et al. Multiple cutaneous metastases of neuroendocrine carcinoma derived from the uterine cervix. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:441–496.Google Scholar
Puri, R.K. et al. Metastatic cutaneous carcinoid tumor mimicking an adnexal poroid neoplasm. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:54–57.Google Scholar
Fries, J.F. et al. Scleroderma-like lesions and the carcinoid syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1973;131:550–553.Google Scholar
Toker, C.. Trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:107–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prieto Munoz, I. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma from 2008 to 2012: reaching a new level of understanding. Cancer Treat Rev 2013;39:421–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houben, R., Scrama, D., and Becker, J.C.. Molecular pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:193–198.Google Scholar
Albores-Saavedra, J. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:20–27.Google Scholar
Mott, R.T., Smoller, B.R., and Morgan, M.B.. Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study with prognostic implications. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:217–223.Google Scholar
Assouline, A. et al. Clinical and therapeutic aspects in elderly patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: special focus on radiotherapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:1946.Google Scholar
Guler-Nizam, E. et al. Clinical course and prognostic factors of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:90–94.Google Scholar
Koksal, Y. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma in a child. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009;31:359–361.Google Scholar
Goldenhersh, M.A. et al. Merkel cell tumor masquerading as granulation tissue on a teenager’s toe. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:560–563.Google Scholar
Eng, T.Y. et al. Treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2004;27:510–515.Google Scholar
Coleman, N.M. et al. Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vagina with Merkel cell carcinoma phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:405–410.Google Scholar
Longo, F. et al. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the oral mucosa: report of a case with immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28:88–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yom, S.S. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the tongue and head and neck oral mucosal sites. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101:761–768.Google Scholar
Eusebi, V. et al. Neuroendocrine carcinoma within lymph nodes in the absence of a primary tumor, with special reference to Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:658–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, B. et al. Second neoplasms in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:1358–1362.Google Scholar
Milman, T. and McCormick, S.A.. The molecular genetics of eyelid tumors: recent advances and future directions. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;251:419–433.Google Scholar
Tsuruta, D. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma, Bowen’s disease and chronic occupational arsenic poisoning. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:291–294.Google Scholar
Boutilier, R. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: squamous and atypical fibroxanthoma-like differentiation in successive local tumor recurrences. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:46–49.Google Scholar
Forman, S.B., Vidmar, D.A., and Ferringer, T.C.. Collision tumor composed of Merkel cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:203–206.Google Scholar
Battistella, M. et al. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma within a cystic trichoblastoma: a nonfortuitous association? Am J Dermatopathol 2011;33:383–387.Google Scholar
Tanahashi, J. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma co-existent with sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:983–986.Google Scholar
Younker, S.R. and Billingsley, E.M.. Combined Merkel cell carcinoma and atypical fibroxanthoma. J Cutan Med Surg 2005;6–9.Google Scholar
Su, W. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma in situ arising in a trichilemmal cyst: a case report and literature review. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:458–461.Google Scholar
Requena, L. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma within follicular cysts: report of two cases. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:1127–1133.Google Scholar
Craig, P.J. et al. Incidental chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a biopsy of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:706–710.Google Scholar
Paulson, K.G. et al. Systemic immune suppression predicts diminished Merkel cell carcinoma-specific survival independent of stage. J Invest Derm 2013;133:642–646.Google Scholar
Schrama, D., Urgurel, S., and Becker, J.C.. Merkel cell carcinoma:recent insights and new treatment options. Curr Opin Oncol 2012;24:141–149.Google Scholar
Cone, L.A. et al. Merkel cell carcainoma in an HIV-1-infected man. AIDS 2006;20:474–475.Google Scholar
Rockville Merkel Cell Carcinoma Group. Merkel cell carcinoma: recent progress and current priorities on etiology, pathogenesis and clinical management. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4021–4026.Google Scholar
Engels, E.A. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet 2002;359:497–498.Google Scholar
Koljonen, V. et al. Incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:3231–3235.Google Scholar
Buell, J.F. et al. Immunosuppression and Merkel cell cancer. Transplant Proc 2002;34:1780–1781.Google Scholar
Koljonen, V. et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients have a high risk of Merkel-cell polyomavirus DNA-positive Merkel-cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2009;101:1444–1447.Google Scholar
Llombart, B. et al. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 20 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma in search of prognostic markers. Histopathology 2005;1–12.Google Scholar
Sinclair, N. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid in association with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:240–251.Google Scholar
Vlad, R. and Woodlock, T.J.. Merkel cell carcinoma after chronic lymphocytic leukemia: case report and literature review. Am J Clin Oncol 2003;26:531–534.Google Scholar
McLoone, N.M. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma in a patient with chronic sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:580–582.Google Scholar
Snow, S.N. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin and mucosa: Report of 12 cutaneous cases with 2 cases arising from the nasal mucosa. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:165–170.Google Scholar
Satter, E.K. and DeRienzo, D.P.. Synchronous onset of multiple cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas localized to the scalp. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:685–691.Google Scholar
Lemos, B. and Nghiem, P.. Merkel cell carcinoma: more deaths but still no pathway to blame. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:2100–2103.Google Scholar
Sibley, R.K., Dehner, L.P., and Rosai, J.. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell?) carcinoma of the skin: I. A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of 43 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:95–108.Google Scholar
Szadowska, A. et al. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: a clinicomorphological study of 13 cases. Histopathol 1989;15:483–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grotz, T.E. et al. Natural history of Merkel cell carcinoma following locoregional recurrence. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:2556–2562.Google Scholar
Sandel, H.D. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Does tumor size or depth of invasion correlate with recurrence, metastasis, or patient survival? Laryngoscope 2006;116:791–795.Google Scholar
Wojak, J.C. and Murali, R.. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma presenting in the calvarium: case report. Neurosurgery 1990;26:137–139.Google Scholar
Jabbour, J. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Assessing the effect of wide local excision, lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy on recurrence and survival in early-stage disease: results from a review of 82 consecutive cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2004. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:1943–1952.Google Scholar
Wooff, J.C. et al. Complete spontaneous regression of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2012;32:614–617.Google Scholar
Torroni, A., Lore, B., and Iannetti, G.. The importance of the head and neck region in regression of advanced Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinical report. J Craniofacial Surg 2007;18:1173–1176.Google Scholar
Sais, G., Admella, C., and Soler, T.. Spontaneous regression in primary cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma: a rare immune phenomenon. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:82–83.Google Scholar
Val-Bernal, J.F. et al. Spontaneous complete regression in Merkel cell carcinoma after biopsy. Adv Anat Pathol 2011;18:174–175.Google Scholar
Tam, C.S. et al. “Leukaemic” presentation of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Br J Haematol 2005;129:442–446.Google Scholar
Pitale, M., Sessions, R.B., and Husain, S.. An analysis of prognostic factors in cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. Laryngoscope 1992;102:244–249.Google Scholar
Goldberg, S.R., Neifeld, J.P., and Frable, W.J.. Prognostic value of tumor thickness in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2007;95:618–622.Google Scholar
Feng, H. et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008;319:1096–1199.Google Scholar
Becker, J.C. et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:248–250.Google Scholar
Schrama, D. et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus status is not associated with clinical course of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:1631–1638.Google Scholar
Sihto, H. et al. Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:938–945.Google Scholar
Andres, C. et al. Prevalence of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma and non-Merkel cell carcinoma tumors. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:28–34.Google Scholar
Pulitzer, M.. Molecular diagnosis of infection-related cancers n dermatopathology. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2012;31:247–257.Google Scholar
Harms, P.W. et al. Distinct gene expression profiles of viral- and nonviral-associated Merkel cell carcinoma revealed by transcriptome analysis. J Invest Derm 2013;133:936–945.Google Scholar
Shuda, M. et al. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. Int J Cancer 2009;125:1243–1249.Google Scholar
Bickle, K. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical review. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2004;23:46–53.Google Scholar
Andres, C., Puchta, U., and Flaig, M.J.. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in atypical fibroxanthoma in correlation to clinical features. Am J Dermatopathol 2010;32:799–803.Google Scholar
Dworkin, A.M. et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of immunocompetent individuals. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2868–2874.Google Scholar
Wieland, U. et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in persons without Merkel cell carcinoma. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1496–1498.Google Scholar
Lewis, J.S., Duncavage, E., and Klonowski, P.W.. Oral cavity neuroendocrine carcinoma: a comparison study with cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma and other mucosal head and neck neuroendocrine carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:209–217.Google Scholar
Wetzels, C.T.A.H. et al. Ultrastructural proof of polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma tumour cells and its absence in small cell carcinoma of the lung. PLOS ONE 4:e4958.Google Scholar
Paulson, K.G. et al. Array-CGH reveals recurrent genomic changes in Merkel cell carcinoma including amplification of L-myc. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:1547–1555.Google Scholar
Suciu, V. et al. The potential contribution of fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis to the cytopathological diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Cytopathology 2008;19:48–51.Google Scholar
Gancberg, D. et al. Trisomy 6 in Merkel cell carcinoma: a recurrent chromosomal aberration. Histopathology 2000;37:445–451.Google Scholar
Lim, C.S. et al. Increasing tumor thickness is associated with recurrence and poorer survival in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:3325–3334.Google Scholar
Lassacher, A. et al. p14ARF hypermethylation is common but INK4a–ARF locus or p53 mutations are rare in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1788–1796.Google Scholar
Kytola, S. et al. Alterations of the SDHD gene locus in midgut carcinoids, Merkel cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and abdominal paragangliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;34:325–332.Google Scholar
Houben, R. et al. Absence of classical MAP kinase pathway signalling in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1135–1142.Google Scholar
Wong, S.L. et al. Intraoperative imprint cytology for evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes from Merkel cell carcinoma. Am Surgeon 2009;75:615–619.Google Scholar
Dey, P. et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Merkel cell carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2004;31:364–365.Google Scholar
Shin, H.J.C. and Caraway, N.P.. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic small cell carcinoma from extrapulmonary sites. Diagn Cytopathol 1999;19:177–181.Google Scholar
Gould, V.E. et al. Biology of disease: neuroendocrine (Merkel) cells of the skin: hyperplasias, dysplasias and neoplasms. Lab Invest 1985;52:334–352.Google Scholar
Acebo, E. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:546–551.Google Scholar
Hattori, H.. Merkel cell carcinoma composed of small, intermediate and squamous cell foci showing mutually exclusive expression of neuroendocrine markers and cytokeratin 20. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:183–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, N., Wolgamot, G., and Argenyi, Z.. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine cell carcinoma (Merkel cell carcinoma) with prominent microcystic features, mimicking eccrine carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:410–414.Google Scholar
Smith, K.J. et al. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma with an intraepidermal component. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:528–533.Google Scholar
Vanchinathan, V. et al. A malignant cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor with features of Merkel cell carcinoma and differentiating neuroblastoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2009;31:193–196.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Figueras, M. et al. Merkel cell (primary neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the skin with nodal metastasis showing rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 2002;29:619–622.Google Scholar
Tan, K-B. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma with fibrosarcomatous differentiation. Pathol 2008;40:314–316.Google Scholar
Vazmitel, M. et al. Vascular changes in Merkel cell carcinoma based on a histopathological study of 92 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:106–111.Google Scholar
Vazmitel, M., Michal, M., and Kazakov, D.V.. Merkel cell carcinoma and Azzopardi phenomenon. Am J Dermatopathol 2007;29:314–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plaza, J.A. and Suster, S.. The Toker tumor: spectrum of morphological features in primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). Ann Diagn Pathol 2006;10:376–385.Google Scholar
Huang, G-S. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma arising from the subcutaneous fat of the arm with intact skin. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:717–719.Google Scholar
Kanitakis, J. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma in organ-transplant recipients: report of two cases with unusual histological features and literature review. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33:686–694.Google Scholar
Traest, K., de Vos, R., and van den Oord, J.J.. Pagetoid Merkel cell carcinoma: speculations on its origin and the mechanism of epidermal spread. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:362–365.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, K. et al. Pagetoid Merkel cell carcinoma: epidermal origin of the tumor. J Cutan Pathol 1998;25:572–579.Google Scholar
LeBoit, P.E., Crutcher, W.A., and Shapiro, P.E.. Pagetoid intraepidermal spread in Merkel cell (primary neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the skin. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:584–592.Google Scholar
Katana, H. et al. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Med Virol 2009;81:1951–1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, K., Kohler, S., and Rouse, R.V.. Cytokeratin staining in Merkel cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins 5/6, 7, 17 and 20. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2000;8:310–315.Google Scholar
Beer, T.W.. Merkel cell carcinomas with CK20 negative and CK7 positive immunostaining. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:385–386.Google Scholar
Heenan, P.J., Cole, J.M., and Spagnolo, D.V.. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (Merkel cell tumor): an adnexal epithelial neoplasm. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:7–16.Google Scholar
McNiff, J.M. et al. CD56 staining in Merkel cell carcinoma and natural killer-cell lymphoma: magic bullet, diagnostic pitfall, or both? J Cutan Pathol 2005;32:541–545.Google Scholar
Asioli, S. et al. p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2007;110:640–647.Google Scholar
Hall, B.J. et al. Immunohistochemical prognostication of Merkel cell carcinoma: p63 expression but not polyomavirus status correlates with outcome. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:911–917.Google Scholar
Bobos, M. et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:99–104.Google Scholar
Sibley, R.K. and Dahl, D.. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell?) carcinoma of the skin II. An immunocytochemical study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:109–116.Google Scholar
Layfield, L. et al. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin: an immunohistochemical study of tumor markers and neuroendocrine products. J Cutan Pathol 1986;13:268–273.Google Scholar
Mhawech-Fauceglia, P. et al. Pax-5 immunoexpression in various types of benign and malignant tumours: a high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. J Clin Pathol 2007;60:709–714.Google Scholar
Dong, H.Y. et al. B-cell specific activation protein encoded by the PAX-5 gene is commonly expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carciomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:687–692.Google Scholar
Kohle, K. et al. Immunohistochemical expression of PAX5 and TdT by Merkel cell carcinoma and pulmonary small cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall but useful discriminatory marker. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013;6:142–147.Google Scholar
Andres, C. et al. Immunohistochemical features of Merkel cell carcinoma in correlation with presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA. Acta Dermatol Venereol 2011;91:722–723.Google Scholar
Feinmesser, M. et al. c-KIT expression in primary and metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2004;26:458–462.Google Scholar
Strong, S. et al. KIT receptor (CD117) expression in Merkel cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:367–399.Google Scholar
He, H. et al. Frequent expression of glypican-3 in Merkel cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 55 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009;17:40–46.Google Scholar
Carson, H.J., Reddy, V., and Taxy, J.B.. Proliferation markers and prognosis in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 1998;25:16–19.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. et al. p53 abnormalities are rare events in neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: an immunohistochemical and SSCP analysis. Virchows Arch 1997;430:233–237.Google Scholar
Plettenberg, A., Pammer, J., and Tschachler, E.. Merkel cells and Merkel cell carcinoma express the BCL-2 proto-oncogene. Exp Dermatol 1996;5:183–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moll, I. et al. Differences of Bcl-2 protein expression between Merkel cells and Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 1996;23:109–117.Google Scholar
Sahi, H. et al. Bcl-2 expression indicates better prognosis of Merkel cell carcinoma regardless of the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus. Virchows Arch 2012;461:553–559.Google Scholar
Leech, S.N. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma can be distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1. J Clin Pathol 2001;54:727–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufmann, O. and Dietel, M.. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas and other neuroendocrine carcinomas of various sites. Histopathology 2000;36:415–420.Google Scholar
Sierakowski, A. et al. Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma with positive expression of TTF-1: A case report. Am J Dermatopathol 2009;31:384–386.Google Scholar
Allen, P.J. et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of sentinel lymph nodes from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2001;92:1650–1655.Google Scholar
Merot, Y.. Is the neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin a Merkel cell tumor? What we can learn from immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:102–104.Google Scholar
Mount, S.L. and Taatjes, D.J.. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma): an immunoelectron-microscopic case study. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:60–65.Google Scholar
Sidhu, G.S., Chandra, P., and Cassai, N.D.. Merkel cells, normal and neoplastic: an update. Ultrastruc Pathol 2005;29:287–295.Google Scholar
Yaziji, H. and Gown, A.M.. Merkel cell carcinoma: review of 22 cases with surgical, pathologic and therapeutic considerations. Cancer 2000;89:1866–1867.Google Scholar
De Argila, D. et al. Small-cell carcinoma of the lung presenting as a cutaneous metastasis of the lip mimicking a Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:170–172.Google Scholar
Hanson, I.M. et al. A study of eleven cutaneous malignant melanomas in adults with small-cell morphology: emphasis on diagnostic difficulties and unusual features. Histopathology 2002;40:187–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipkov, C.D. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma vs. basal cell carcinoma: histopathologic challenges. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:789–790.Google Scholar
Ball, N.J. and Tanhuanco-Kho, G.. Merkel cell carcinoma frequently shows histologic features of basal cell carcinoma: a study of 30 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:612–619.Google Scholar
de Biase, D. et al. Extracutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas harbor polyomavirus DNA. Hum Pathol 2012;43:980–985.Google Scholar
Ordóñez, N.G.. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1217–1223.Google Scholar
Hanly, A.J. et al. Analysis of thyroid transcription factor-1 and cytokeratin 20 separates Merkel cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma of lung. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:118–120.Google Scholar
Schmidt, U. et al. Cytokeratin and neurofilament protein staining in Merkel cell carcinoma of the small cell type and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:346–351.Google Scholar
Ly, T.Y. et al. The spectrum of Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, in a variety of cutaneous neoplasms, and in neuroendocrine carcinomas from different anatomical sites. Hum Pathol 2012;43:557–566.Google Scholar
Zhang, P.J. et al. Immunoexpression of villin in neuroendocrine tumors and its diagnostic implications. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999;123:812–816.Google Scholar
Jouary, T. et al. Adjuvant prophylactic regional radiotherapy versus observation in stage I Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentric prospective randomized study. Ann Oncol 2012;23:1074–1080.Google Scholar
Eng, T.Y. et al. A comprehensive review of the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2007;30:624–636.Google Scholar
Nicolaidou, E. et al. Advances in Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis and management: a recently discovered virus, a new international consensus staging system and new diagnostic codes. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:16–21.Google Scholar
Senchenkov, A., Barnes, S.A., and Moran, S.L.. Predictors of survival and recurrence in the surgical treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma of the extremities. J Surg Oncol 2007;95:229–234.Google Scholar
Thomas, C.J., Wood, G.C., and Marks, V.J.. Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of rare aggressive cutaneous tumors: the Geisinger experience. Dermatol Surg 2007;33:333–339.Google Scholar
Al-Ghazal, S.K.. Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin treated by primary radiotherapy. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:641.Google Scholar
Koh, C.S.L. and Veness, M.J.. Role of definitive radiotherapy in treating patients with inoperable Merkel cell carcinoma: the Westmead Hospital experience and a review of the literature. Aust J Dermatol 2009;50:249–256.Google Scholar
Stokes, J.B. et al. Patients with Merkel cell carcinoma tumors ≤1.0 cm in diameter are unlikely to harbor regional lymph node metastasis. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3772–3777.Google Scholar
Mehrany, K. et al. A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of sentinel lymph node status in Merkel cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:113–117.Google Scholar
Tai, P. et al. Multimodality management for 145 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2010;27:1260–1266.Google Scholar
Muirhead, R. and Ritchie, D.M.. Partial regression of Merkel cell carcinoma in response to withdrawal of azathioprine in an immunosuppression-induced case of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Oncol 2007;19:96.Google Scholar
Burack, J. and Altschuler, E.L.. Sustained remission of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma with treatment of HIV infection. J R Soc Med 2003;96:238.Google Scholar
Allen, P.J. et al. Surgical management of Merkel cell carcinoma. Ann Surg 1999;229:97–105.Google Scholar
Bajetta, E. et al. Single-institution series of early-stage Merkel cell carcinoma: Long-term outcomes in 95 patients managed with surgery alone. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:2985–2993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, V.A., Camp, E.R. and Lentsch, E.J.. Merkel cell carcinoma: identification of prognostic factors unique to tumors located in the head and neck based on an analysis of SEER data. Laryngoscope 2012;122:1283–1290.Google Scholar
Andea, A. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Histologic features and prognosis. Cancer 2008;113:2549–2558.Google Scholar
Ng, L., Beer, T.W., and Murray, K.. Vascular density has prognostic value in Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:442–445.Google Scholar
Sihto, H. et al. Tumor infiltrating immune cells and outcome of Merkel cell carcinoma: a population-based study. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:2872–2881.Google Scholar
Tucci, M.G. et al. Immunohistochemical study of apoptosis markers and involvement of chemokine CXCR4 in skin Merkel cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1220–1225.Google Scholar
Koljonen, V. et al. Proliferative activity detected by Ki67 correlates with poor outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2006;49:551–553.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Figueras, M.T. et al. Prognostic significance of p27KIP1, p45Skp2 and Ki67 expression profiles in Merkel cell carcinoma, extracutaneous small cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2005;46:614–621.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J.L. et al. Features predicting sentinel lymph node positivity in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1036–1041.Google Scholar
Skelton, H.G. et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Analysis of clinical, histologic and immunohistologic features of 132 cases with relation to survival. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:734–739.Google Scholar
Edge, S.B. et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. New York: Springer, 2011.Google Scholar
Rao, P. et al. The College of American Pathologists Cancer Checklists: Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients with Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2012 (http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2012/SkinMerkelCell_12protocol.pdf, accessed 2 September 2015).Google Scholar
Kim, D. et al. Cutaneous paraganglioma of the vertex in a child. J Craniofacial Surg 2012;23:e338–e340.Google Scholar
Flieder, A. et al. Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: a cutaneous neoplasm analogous to solid papillary carcinoma fo the breast. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1501–1506.Google Scholar
Zembowicz, A. et al. Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: Twelve new cases suggest that it is a precursor of some invasive mucinous carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:1330–1339.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×