Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Maps
- ONE AFRICA NORTH OF THE EQUATOR
- TWO AFRICA SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR
- THREE THE OPENING UP OF AFRICA: (1) FROM THE NORTH-EAST
- FOUR THE OPENING UP OF AFRICA: (2) FROM THE MAGHRIB
- FIVE WEST AFRICA BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1800–1875
- SIX WESTERN CENTRAL AFRICA, 1800–1880
- SEVEN EASTERN CENTRAL AFRICA, 1800–1884
- EIGHT SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1800–1885
- NINE THE PARTITION OF AFRICA ON PAPER, 1879–1891
- TEN THE PARTITION OF AFRICA ON THE GROUND, 1891–1901
- ELEVEN COLONIAL RULE IN TROPICAL AFRICA: (1) POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, 1885–1914
- TWELVE COLONIAL RULE IN TROPICAL AFRICA: (2) SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
- THIRTEEN THE INTER-WAR PERIOD, 1918–1938
- FOURTEEN NORTH AND NORTH-EAST AFRICA, 1900–1939
- FIFTEEN SOUTH AFRICA, 1902–1939
- SIXTEEN THE LAST YEARS OF COLONIAL RULE
- SEVENTEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (1) NORTH AND NORTH-EAST AFRICA
- EIGHTEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (2) AFRICA FROM THE SAHARA TO THE ZAMBEZI
- NINETEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (3) CENTRAL AFRICA
- TWENTY THE LONG ROAD TO DEMOCRACY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
- TWENTY ONE THE POLITICS OF INDEPENDENT AFRICA
- TWENTY TWO ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY IN INDEPENDENT AFRICA
- TWENTY THREE INTO THE THIRD MILLENNIUM
- EPILOGUE
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Index
TWENTY THREE - INTO THE THIRD MILLENNIUM
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Maps
- ONE AFRICA NORTH OF THE EQUATOR
- TWO AFRICA SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR
- THREE THE OPENING UP OF AFRICA: (1) FROM THE NORTH-EAST
- FOUR THE OPENING UP OF AFRICA: (2) FROM THE MAGHRIB
- FIVE WEST AFRICA BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1800–1875
- SIX WESTERN CENTRAL AFRICA, 1800–1880
- SEVEN EASTERN CENTRAL AFRICA, 1800–1884
- EIGHT SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1800–1885
- NINE THE PARTITION OF AFRICA ON PAPER, 1879–1891
- TEN THE PARTITION OF AFRICA ON THE GROUND, 1891–1901
- ELEVEN COLONIAL RULE IN TROPICAL AFRICA: (1) POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, 1885–1914
- TWELVE COLONIAL RULE IN TROPICAL AFRICA: (2) SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
- THIRTEEN THE INTER-WAR PERIOD, 1918–1938
- FOURTEEN NORTH AND NORTH-EAST AFRICA, 1900–1939
- FIFTEEN SOUTH AFRICA, 1902–1939
- SIXTEEN THE LAST YEARS OF COLONIAL RULE
- SEVENTEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (1) NORTH AND NORTH-EAST AFRICA
- EIGHTEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (2) AFRICA FROM THE SAHARA TO THE ZAMBEZI
- NINETEEN THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: (3) CENTRAL AFRICA
- TWENTY THE LONG ROAD TO DEMOCRACY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
- TWENTY ONE THE POLITICS OF INDEPENDENT AFRICA
- TWENTY TWO ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY IN INDEPENDENT AFRICA
- TWENTY THREE INTO THE THIRD MILLENNIUM
- EPILOGUE
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Index
Summary
For Africa as a whole, the final decade of the twentieth century saw little to justify the heady hopes held by many well-wishers at the end of the 1980s. True, the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union and of its empire in Eastern Europe had provided the indispensable condition for a radical change of regime in South Africa, from a white minority government to a democracy based on universal suffrage. Elsewhere, however, the partial disengagement of the two world superpowers did little to stabilize the internal divisions within African countries. To the contrary, it often set the scene for a sharp increase in civil violence, both in countries or regions that had already experienced Cold War conflicts and in those that up till then had remained relatively peaceful.
The Ashes of the Cold War in Angola and the Horn of Africa
In Angola, Jonas Savimbi continued – and even intensified – his twenty years of conflict with the MPLA government in Luanda by buying sophisticated weaponry and equipment from a circle of willing suppliers, who delivered them by air direct to his military headquarters in the bush in exchange for the diamonds mined in his political enclave in the southern part of the country. The MPLA government, deprived now of its Cuban mercenaries and Russian weapons, had to rearm itself by spending most of the royalties which it was receiving from its offshore oilfields – revenues which might otherwise have helped to reconstruct a war-torn economy.
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- Africa since 1800 , pp. 339 - 368Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2005