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² See Condoleezza Rice, ‘Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest’, Foreign Affairs (January/February 2000).

³ Bush quoted at a National Security Council meeting on 15 October 2001, Woodward, Bush at War, p. 229.

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⁴⁷ Annan, Interventions, pp. 84, 90, 97, 116.

⁴⁸ United Nations, Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in all their Aspects, A/55/305–S/2000/809 (21 August 2000), available at: {http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace_operations/docs/full_report.htm}.

⁴⁹ See An Agenda for Peace, pp. 2–4; and the National Security Strategy of the United States of America, pp. 1–2.

⁵⁰ An Agenda for Peace, p. 4; Comprehensive Review, pp. 3, 7.

⁵¹ An Agenda for Peace, pp. 4, 12; Comprehensive Review, pp. 3, 13–14.

⁵² Comprehensive Review, pp. 3, 7.

⁵³ Paris and Sisk, ‘Understanding the contradictions of postwar statebuilding’, p. 11; Edward Newman, ‘“Liberal” peacebuilding debates’, p. 33.

⁵⁴ Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention, p. 142; Bellamy, ‘Responsibility to protect or Trojan horse?’, p. 39.

⁵⁵ See Bush quoted in Annan, Interventions, p. 348; Wheeler, Nicholas J. and Morris, Justin, ‘Justifying the Iraq war as a humanitarian intervention: the cure is worse than the disease’, in Thakur, Ramesh and Siduh, Waheguru Pal Singh (eds), The Iraq Crisis and World Order: Structural, Institutional and Normative Challenges (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006)Google Scholar; Dodge, Toby, ‘Coming face to face with bloody reality: Liberal common sense and the ideological failure of the Bush Doctrine in Iraq’, International Politics, 46:2/3 (2009), pp. 253–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Toby Dodge, ‘The ideological roots of failure’.

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⁵⁸ Dobbins, James, McGinn, John G., Crane, Keith, Jones, Seth G., Lal, Rollie, Rathmell, Andrew, Swanger, Rachel, and Timilsina, Anga, America's Role in Nation-Building; from Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica: RAND, 2003), pp. xiv–xvGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ See, for example, Rice, ‘Campaign 2000: Promoting the national interest’.

⁶⁰ Woodward, Bush at War, p. 191.

⁶¹ Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Douglas Feith, in discussions with Donald Rumsfled in late 2001, quoted in Jones, Seth G., In the Graveyard of Empires; America's War in Afghanistan (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2009), p. 112Google Scholar.

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⁶³ Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires, p. 118; Suhrke, Astri, When More is Less; the International Project in Afghanistan (London: Hurst & Company, 2011), pp. 29–32Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Donald Rumsfeld, ‘Beyond nation building’, New York City (14 February 2003), available at: {http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=337}.

⁶⁵ See Dodge, ‘The ideological roots of failure’, p. 1278.

⁶⁶ See United States Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Committees, Afghanistan Reconstruction; Despite Some Progress, Deteriorating Security and Other Obstacles Continue to Threaten Achievement of U.S. Goals (July 2005), available at: {http://www.gao.gov/assets/250/247264.pdf}, p. 10; S. Frederick Starr, ‘U.S. Afghanistan Policy: It's Working’, Policy Paper produced by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute; Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, available at: {http://www.silkroadstudies.org/CACI/Starr_Afghanistan.pdf}, p. 3; and David Rohde and David E. Sanger, ‘How a “Good War” in Afghanistan Went Bad’, New York Times (12 August, 2007), available at: {http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/12/world/asia/12afghan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0}.

⁶⁷ Rohde and Sanger, ‘How a “Good War” in Afghanistan Went Bad’.

⁶⁸ Zalmay Khalilzad, speech at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC (4 April, 2004), available at: {http://csis.org/files/media/csis/events/040405_afghanistan_transcript.pdf}. See also, Starr, ‘U.S. Afghanistan Policy: It's Working’, p. 6.

⁶⁹ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1510 (13 October 2003), available at: {http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/555/55/PDF/N0355555.pdf?OpenElement}.

⁷⁰ Suhrke, When More is Less, p. 85.

⁷¹ See Rashid, Descent into Chaos, p. 189; Rohde and Sanger, ‘How a “good war” in Afghanistan went bad’; Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires, pp. 139–40.

⁷² Doug Sample, ‘New Afghan Ambassador to help Country “stand on its own feet”’, USA American Forces Press Service (20 November, 2003), available at: {http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=27744}.

⁷³ Phillips, David L., Losing Iraq. Inside the Post-War Reconstruction Fiasco (Boulder: Westview Press, 2005), p. 135Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Diamond, Larry, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2005), p. 282Google Scholar; Packer, George, Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 139Google Scholar; Dobbins, James, Jones, Seth G., Runkle, Benjamin, and Mohandas, Siddharth, Occupying Iraq; A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2009), p. 111Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Bremer, Paul quoted in Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons; the Iraq Reconstruction Experience (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 2009), p. 69Google Scholar.

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⁷⁷ L. Paul Bremer III, ‘Iraq's Path to Sovereignty’, The Washington Post (8 September 2003), available at: {http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/documents/bremerplan.html}.

⁷⁸ Williams, M. J., The Good War; NATO and the Liberal Conscience in Afghanistan (Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011), p. 104Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Barak Obama, ‘Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan’, United States Military Academy at West Point, New York (1 December 2009), available at: {http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan}.

⁸⁰ See Ian S. Livingston and Michael O'Hanlon, Afghan Index, Brooking (19 March 2003), p. 17, available at: {http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Programs/foreign%20policy/afghanistan%20index/index20130319.pdf}.

⁸¹ See ‘The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan’, available at: {http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/constitution.html}.

⁸² See Ahmed Rashid, Descent into chaos, p. 216.

⁸³ Barfield, Thomas, Afghanistan; a Cultural and Political History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 332Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Suhrke, When More is Less, p. 170.

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⁸⁸ Phillips, Losing Iraq, pp. 145–6; Bremer, Paul III with McConnell, Malcolm, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 40Google Scholar; Packer, Assassins’ Gate, p. 191.

⁸⁹ Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report (30 April 2012), pp. 17, 24, available at: {http://www.sigir.mil/files/quarterlyreports/April2012/Report_-_April_2012.pdf#view=fit}.

⁹⁰ Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 39 (CPA/ORD/19 September 2003/39), available at: {http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20031220_CPAORD_39_Foreign_Investment_.pdf}.

⁹¹ See CPA Order Number 39.

⁹² Antonia Juhasz, ‘The hand-over that wasn't: how the occupation of Iraq continues’, LeftTurn Magazine (September/October 2004), available at: {www.lefturn.org}.

⁹³ See ‘Letter from L. Paul Bremer to George W. Bush’ (22 May 2003), subsequently published in the New York Times, available at: {http://www.nytimes.com/ref/washington/04bremer-text1.html?ref=washington}.

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⁹⁵ See Eric Schmitt, ‘US plans Iraqi force for civil defence’, International Herald Tribune (21 July 2003).

⁹⁶ See Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons, p. 133.

⁹⁷ See Sabrina Tavernise and John F. Burns, ‘As Iraqi Army trains, word in the field is it may take years’, The New York Times (13 June 2005), available at: {http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/13/international/middleeast/13training.html?pagewanted=all}.

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¹⁰⁰ Martine van Bijlert, ‘What the US Senate's report on Afghanistan does and doesn't say’, Afghanistan Analysts Network (13 June, 2011), available at: {http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=1788}.

¹⁰¹ Aunohita Mojumdar, ‘Afghan citizens paid $1bn in bribes for public services last year, study finds’, The Guardian (8 July 2010), available at: {http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/08/afghanistan-bribes-corruption-taliban}.

¹⁰² See Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress (January 2013), pp. 116 and 152, available at: {http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2013-01-30qr.pdf}.

¹⁰³ Ibid., p. 144; Julian Gorger, ‘Afghanistan faces $4bn defence funding shortfall’, The Guardian (1 December 2011), available at: {http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/01/afghanistan-faces-defence-funding-shortfall?INTCMP=SRCH}.

¹⁰⁴ Associated Press, ‘Quarter of Afghan election ballots thrown out for fraud’, The Guardian (20 October 2010), available at: {http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/20/afghanistan-election-fraud}.

¹⁰⁵ Martine Van Bijlert, ‘Afghanistan's elections: let's talk turnout’, Foreign Policy (20 September 2010), available at: {http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/20/afghanistans_elections_lets_talk_turnout}.

¹⁰⁶ See Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Quarterly Report (January 2013).

¹⁰⁷ See Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report (30 January 2011), p. 98; (30 April), p. 119; and (30 January 2012), p. 76.

¹⁰⁸ Allawi, Ali A., The Occupation of Iraq. Winning the War, Losing the Peace (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 257–8Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons, p. 152.

¹¹⁰ Iraq Knowledge Network, ‘essential services fact sheet’ (December 2011), available at: {http://www.iauiraq.org/documents/1583/ServicesFactsheet-English.pdf}.

¹¹¹ Campbell Robertson, ‘Iraq private sector falters; rolls of Government soar’, New York Times (10 August, 2008), available at: {http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/world/middleeast/11baghdad.html?_r=1&hp}.

¹¹² See Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2011, available at: {http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results/}.

¹¹³ Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report and Semiannual Report to the United States Congress (30 January 2012), p. 9, available at: {http://www.sigir.mil/files/quarterlyreports/January2012/Report_-_January_2012.pdf}.

¹¹⁴ The Ministry of Defence employs a total of 271,400 personnel, spread between the Iraqi army (193,421), the air force (5,053), and subsidiary organisations. The Ministry of Interior employs 531,000. The Iraqi police has 302,000 on its payroll, the Facilities Protection Service, 95,000, Border Enforcement 60,000, Iraqi Federal Police 44,000, and Oil Police 30,000. Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report, p. 75.

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¹¹⁹ Smith, A Pact with the Devil.

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