In the postwar era, the ideas espoused by the White Birch teachers in the 1910s and 1920s were revived in new forms, and interacted with the new wave of interest in democracy, rural development and social education. This chapter traces the ways in which this confluence of ideas provided the basis for alternative forms of self-help politics which flourished following Japan’s defeat in the Pacific War and into the high-growth era of the 1960s. Focusing on case studies from Nagano Prefecture, it shows how the reformed and reorganized Youth Groups (Seinendan) and the newly created nationwide network of citizens’ halls (kōminkan) provided a basis for experiments in social education and autonomous local activism, and explores links between rural activism and the nationwide social movements of the 1960s, including the protests against the Ampo Treaty with the United States.

In this chapter I trace the history of a network of movements originating in the small mountain village of Kangawa, near Ueda City, in the 1920s and 1930s. The first of these was the Peasant Art Movement, a project developed by artist Yamamoto Kanae and others from 1919 onward to promote local prosperity by encouraging handicraft production. This was closely linked to the Free Drawing Movement, in which Yamamoto also played a central role: a project to promote individuality and creativity through children’s art education. A third significant movement originating in Kangawa was the Free University, in which a central figure was philosopher Tsuchida Kyōson. Free Universities, created in Ueda and later in other parts of Japan, aimed to provide adult education to farmers and others, enabling them to acquire the intellectual autonomy needed to be active citizens in a democratizing society. The chapter examines the connection between these activities and the ambiguous role of Youth Groups (Seinendan) in rural Japan during the 1920s and 1930s. It also discusses the suppression of the Free University movement in the context of rising militarism, and the legacies of the movement for postwar Japan.