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8 - Seismicity Induced by the Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources
from Part II - Environmental Analysis
- By David W. Eaton
Edited by John Stolz, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Daniel Bain, University of Pittsburgh, Michael Griffin, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
Book:

Environmental Impacts from the Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reserves

Published online:

28 July 2022

Print publication:

18 August 2022, pp 173-213
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Summary

Resource development in unconventional oil and gas plays is sometimes accompanied by unintended earthquakes, known as induced seismicity. To date, the largest such induced events have been the September 2016 5.8 MW Pawnee earthquake in Oklahoma, and the December 2018 5.2 MW earthquake in the Sichuan Basin. These earthquakes were triggered by different industrial processes, namely saltwater disposal (Pawnee) and hydraulic fracturing (Sichuan Basin). Current models indicate that such induced earthquakes occur by activation of a pre-existing fault system due to some combination of increased pore pressure, a change in fault-loading conditions arising from poroelastic effects, or precursory slow fault slip. This chapter provides a tutorial and review of basic underlying principles of induced seismicity and an overview of regulatory measures, along with several current research themes including tools for screening risk and forecasting maximum magnitude. These concepts are illustrated by case studies from the USA and western Canada.