Most of the conspirators were immigrant craftsmen impoverished by post-war conditions and the loss of craft status as well as of wages. London living was hard, but its networks, neighbourhoods, and public and private meeting places facilitated a bonding and a sharing of ideas impossible in rural England.This chapter explores the effects of the Fire on London’s central habitats, the locations of radical meeting and action, and the alleys, lodgings, and taverns that accommodated the conspirators.

This chapter goes in search of the gambling habits and propensities of the bulk of the population, but does so by focusing in the first place on the gambling of the lower orders and many among the middling sorts in the giant British capital. Through examination of a range of activities, including cricket and lottery insurance, and different gambling locales, it seeks to map the sheer extent and diversity of gambling at this level of society in eighteenth-century London. If London in this period was a ‘gambler’s paradise’, as one historian has claimed, then this was about much more than its exclusive gambling clubs. The final section of the chapter focuses on one activity which became very closely identified with betting in the later Georgian era, and across Britain – pedestrianism, or foot-racing. Through exploring the development and appeal of this sport, it seeks to plot a path forwards from the eighteenth century into the world of early to mid nineteenth century popular sport and betting, in which the centre of gravity moved decisively away from London and to the rapidly growing industrial regions and towns of north and midlands, as well as the manufacturing regions of lowland Scotland.