In order to provide representative measurements of solar radiation and sunshine duration, measuring devices must be deployed in suitable locations or sites and the instruments themselves exposed to the sky in a standardised manner. This chapter sets out what those standardised conditions of site and exposure are for measurements of solar radiation (direct, global and diffuse solar radiation) and sunshine duration, following guidelines laid down by the World Meteorological Organization in the so-called CIMO guide (Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation). Suitably exposed sites can be difficult to find, and unlike other meteorological instruments a mast or rooftop exposure may be ideal. Various instruments have been developed to measure sunshine over the past two centuries, including a variety of recent electronic sensors, but exact agreement between different sensors with varying methods of operation has proved problematic, and the implications for long-period sunshine records are discussed.

There are many different varieties of automatic weather stations (AWSs) available, and a huge range of different applications for them. This chapter suggests a structured approach to specifying AWS features to meet any particular requirement, provides a short guide to AWS products and services available (from consumer brands to sophisticated professional systems capable of unattended operation in remote areas) and offers guidance in selecting one or more options from the multiplicity of product offerings on the market.