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3 results

  • 18 - Emotion

  • from Section I - Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy
  • Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson, Christopher M. Filley
  • Book:
    Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    24 January 2013, pp 266-298

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the processes by which one comes to know the environment, namely sensation, perception, and recognition. Perception builds upon basic sensation by extracting more complex attributes from sensory elements. For example, visual perception includes the ability to detect motion, differentiate colors, and distinguish basic forms. Recognition involves identification of a sensory stimulus via access to and integration of stored representations of previously encountered stimuli. Acquired brain damage and developmental abnormalities may affect each level of processing, including primary sensation, cortically mediated perception, or higher-order aspects of perception or recognition. Negative perceptual symptoms involving hearing may affect primary sensory processes, secondary perceptual abilities, or recognition. Cortical auditory disorder or auditory agnosia refers to a non-specific loss of the ability to discriminate both speech and environmental auditory stimuli. Sensory loss may arise from damage at any point within the somatosensory system.

  • 20 - Balance, vestibular and oculomotor dysfunction

  • from Section B1 - Sensory and motor dysfunctions
  • Edited by Michael Selzer, University of Pennsylvania, Stephanie Clarke, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland, Leonardo Cohen, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, Pamela Duncan, University of Florida, Fred Gage, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego
  • Book:
    Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
    Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    16 February 2006, pp 298-314

  • Summary

    Vision, somatosensory, and vestibular inputs each contribute unique information regarding body position and motion contributing to postural control. This chapter focuses on vestibular contributions to postural stability, and discusses the effect of peripheral vestibular loss on balance and postural control. A method utilized to study the role of vestibular inputs is to directly stimulate the vestibular system. The effect of vestibular loss on the amplitude of muscle response at the ankle is related to several factors, the most important being the degree of deficit. Individuals with chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) have the largest amplitude of muscle response, followed by those with acute UVH and individuals with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) had the smallest amplitude of responses. The chapter discusses the effect of eye movements on balance, and describes the role of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in the remediation of imbalance and gaze instability.

  • Morphometric study of glycine-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the rat cuneate nucleus

  • J. H. LUE, W. F. SHIEH, S. H. CHEN, J. Y. SHIEH, C. Y. WEN
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Anatomy / Volume 191 / Issue 3 / October 1997
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 October 1997, pp. 375-385
    Print publication:
    October 1997

  • The distribution of glycine-immunoreactive (glycine-IR) neurons and their associated axon terminals in the rat cuneate nucleus was studied using antiglycine postembedding immunoperoxidase labelling and immunogold staining, respectively. The immunoperoxidase-labelled glycine-IR neurons were widely distributed in the entire rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. They made up 30.8% (9671/31368) of the neurons surveyed. Quantitative evaluation showed that the percentage of glycine-IR neurons in the caudal level was significantly higher than that in the middle and rostral levels. The glycine-IR neurons were small cells (mean area=198±1.9 μm2, n=2862) with ovoid or spindle-shaped somata. Statistical analysis showed that the size of the glycine-IR neurons in the rostral level was significantly smaller than that in the middle and caudal levels. Immunogold labelled glycine-IR terminals which contained predominantly pleomorphic synaptic vesicles were mostly small (mean area=1.24±0.03 μm2, n=286) and they constituted 24.7% (286/1158) of the total terminals surveyed. They formed axodendritic, axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses with unlabelled elements. It is suggested from this study that glycine is one of the major neurotransmitters involved in the depression of synaptic transmission in the cuneate nucleus.