Whereas business innovation is related to commercialization, market demands, and profitability, social innovation addresses fulfilling social needs and meeting public demands. Social innovation depends more on government support and satisfying interest groups than on investors. Social problems are ‘wicked problems’ because they are tremendously complex, have multiple causes, and are interconnected to other problems. Collaborations are therefore needed for solving the world’s biggest challenges such as global warming; supplies of energy, water, and food; aging societies; public health; pandemics; and security. Achieving social innovations requires the combined contributions of the public sector, businesses, and citizens. It depends on adaptive intelligence in which people have novel and compelling ideas (creative intelligence), can ensure that these ideas are logically sound and coherent (analytical intelligence), can put these ideas into practice (practical intelligence), and can apply them for the common good (wisdom). Another source of intelligence is artificial intelligence that should be directed toward grand challenges that span health, wealth, and wisdom.

The final section of the book examines how the social exclusion of people with mental health conditions can be tackled. Health services can play a part in improving health, but these services have traditionally been focussed on treatment and have a limited effect on the broader social determinants. The health of a nation is highly dependent on social, economic, and political forces and broader government policies. The occurrence, course, and outcome of physical and mental health conditions are socially determined and are inequitably distributed in the population. Therefore, broader social, economic, and fiscal policies are needed to address these health inequalities and, in turn, the social exclusion of people with mental health conditions. A public mental health approach is also required. Mental health services play a crucial role in enabling social inclusion for the people they work with. There are continuing challenges for services in preventing the marginalisation of those with the most severe and complex needs. There is a growing evidence base for the effectiveness of specific social interventions that operate at the service or individual level on social inclusion outcomes. For successful implementation, authentic, multi-level stakeholder support and adequate investment is required.