Sporadic abnormalities are those that occur in singles, pairs or in abundance but are not repetitive. They indicate cortical dysfunction, but the central question is if they are epileptogenic. They key electrographic feature to classify the waveform is its sharpness Spike and sharp waves pointed in morphology and are typically epileptogenic, these terms are often used interchangeably. Slow waves are blunted in morphology and are typically not epileptogenic (except rhythmic focal slowing).

From the 1980s book history has insisted on the material object (rather than the work) as the object of study, together with the collecting and reading of it. Lacking so far has been a strong theoretical underpinning: conceptually tying materiality to the role of readers in a way that would simultaneously answer the central question for literary study broached in Chapter 1: What is the thing read?

Close reading – still the practical basis of literary training – offers no obvious answer. Since the New Criticism no viable defence of it has emerged. Caroline Levine’s 2015 book Forms offers an aesthetic-political formalism but fails to answer the central question.

A fresh definition of the work as regulative idea is put forward. By recognising the dialectically linked dimensions of document and textual meaning at every stage from genesis to production to reception, it incorporates the work’s versions and material forms together with their readers.

Stages of reception (and aesthetic reception in the present) may be studied as indices of the cultural shifts with which the work’s manifestations engage. Rolf Boldrewood’s Robbery Under Arms (1882–3) provides the case study.