The psycholinguistic experimental methodologies and measures such as event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are increasingly used in the investigation of bilingual language processing. These methods now allow us to model the actual representations and neural basis of bilingual semantic memory based on Weinreich's initial typologies, expanding the typologies to refer to mental representations. There have also been several studies addressing bilingual semantic memory that have appealed to sentence-level processing without necessarily using the violation paradigm. The discussion of fMRI data augments our understanding of the aspects of semantic memory representation and access that have been established so far with behavioral and electrophysiological data. Only a few bilingual neuroimaging studies have directly tested the convergence hypothesis for semantic memory, i.e. the theory that L2 processing becomes more and more L1-like with increased L2 proficiency.