This chapter provides a survey of the close of the Late Bronze Age and the rise of Iron Age towns, and delivers an updated synthesis of existing evidence and arguments for climatic shifts across the eastern Mediterranean from the twelfth to fourth centuries BCE. Kearns then undertakes an island-wide comparative analysis of ruralization and urbanization apparent in survey records by the mid-first millennium BCE. Focusing on legacy and recent survey data, the chapter argues for oscillations in sedentism across the island as communities experienced environmental changes and cultivated new weathering practices, and situates the re-emergence of social differentiation in the relationships between households and land and new spaces for public gathering at tombs and shrines.

This chapter focuses on the major socio-economic and ideological developments having shaped the Brotherhood’s evolution during the nineties. Picking up the story of Khairat al-Shatir from Chapter 2, the narrative centres on the Brotherhood’s internal transformations during the second decade of Mubarak’s rule. Against larger transformations taking place within Egypt’s political economy, caused by the impact of neoliberal policies, the chapter shows how the deepening disagreements between the followers of ‘Omar al-Tilmisani on the one hand, and an increasingly assertive group of business-minded vanguardists on the other, was progressively tilted in favour of the latter group. The chapter ends by recounting how, against the backdrop of an intensifying wave of regime repression, the Brotherhood was pushed back into the underground – all the while the debates about the Society’s role in Egyptian politics continued to challenge it internally. Based on Oral History interviews with eyewitnesses of the events in question, memoires and available online material, original texts published by the Brotherhood and a reading of the available literature, the chapter expose how an increasingly acrimonious internal conflict among the Brothers gradually morphed into the formalization of distinct political coalitions, each of which advocated for conflicting visions of the Brotherhood’s political future.