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3 results

  • Chapter 3 - The Other as Heaven and Hell

  • Hubert J. M. Hermans, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
  • Book:
    Liberation in the Face of Uncertainty
    Published online:
    06 January 2022
    Print publication:
    13 January 2022, pp 72-118

  • Summary

    Sartre’s play No Exit is described in order to demonstrate the nature of imprisonment that results from looking at oneself via the mirrors of social judgment. In a similar vein, the “male gaze” is analyzed as the imprisoning reduction of the female body as an it-position in the service of the pleasure of the male viewer. This is followed by a discourse about racial discrimination in which the powerful and discriminating other is not simply an “objective” reality outside the self but an organizing part of it. Furthermore, it is argued that positions are not always fixed but, under specific circumstances, flexible as exemplified by a series of psychological experiments investigating the so-called rubber hand illusion. The flexibility of positioning and repositioning is further explained by the story of James Griffin who changed his skin color from white to black. Finally, the dialogical self is described as inherently social, spatial, temporal, and historical.

  • The Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm as a Sensory Learning Process in Patients with Schizophrenia

  • L. Lev-Ari, S. Hirschmann, O. Dyskin, O. Goldman, I. Hirschmann
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 30 / Issue 7 / October 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 April 2020, pp. 868-873
  • Objective:

    The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) has previously been used to depict the hierarchy between visual, tactile and perceptual stimuli. Studies on schizophrenia inpatients (SZs) have found mixed results in the ability to first learn the illusion, and have yet to explain the learning process involved. This study's aim was two-fold: to examine the learning process of the RHI in SZs and healthy controls over time, and to better understand the relationship between psychotic symptoms and the RHI.

    Method:

    Thirty schizophrenia inpatients and 30 healthy controls underwent five different trials of the RHI over a two-week period.

    Results:

    As has been found in previous studies, SZs felt the initial illusion faster than healthy controls did, but their learning process throughout the trials was inconsistent. Furthermore, for SZs, no correlations between psychotic symptoms and the learning of the illusion emerged.

    Conclusion:

    Healthy individuals show a delayed reaction to first feeling the illusion (due to latent inhibition), but easily learn the illusion over time. For SZs, both strength of the illusion and the ability to learn the illusion over time are inconsistent. The cognitive impairment in SZ impedes the learning process of the RHI, and SZs are unable to utilize the repetition of the process as healthy individuals can.

  • Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders

  • E. Eshkevari, E. Rieger, M. R. Longo, P. Haggard, J. Treasure
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 42 / Issue 4 / April 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 October 2011, pp. 819-828
  • Background

    The rubber hand illusion (RHI) has been widely used to investigate the bodily self in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to extend the use of the RHI to examine the bodily self in eating disorders (EDs).

    Method

    The RHI and self-report measures of ED psychopathology [the Eating Disorder Inventory – 3 (EDI-3) subscales of Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Interoceptive Deficits, and Emotional Dysregulation; the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (SOQ)] were administered to 78 individuals with an ED and 61 healthy controls.

    Results

    Individuals with an ED experienced the RHI significantly more strongly than healthy controls on both perceptual (i.e. proprioceptive drift) and subjective (i.e. self-report questionnaire) measures. Furthermore, both the subjective experience of the RHI and associated proprioceptive biases were correlated with ED psychopathology. Approximately 23% of the variance for embodiment of the fake hand was accounted for by ED psychopathology, with interoceptive deficits and self-objectification significant predictors of embodiment.

    Conclusions

    These results indicate that the bodily self is more plastic in people with an ED. These findings may shed light on both aetiological and maintenance factors involved in EDs, particularly visual processing of the body, interoceptive deficits, and self-objectification.