Recent findings show that it is possible in some cases to robustly and durably change implicit impressions of novel individuals. This work presents a challenge to long-standing theoretical assumptions about implicit impressions, and raises new research directions for changing and reducing implicit bias toward outgroups. Namely, implicit impressions of newly encountered individuals and groups are more amenable to robust change and updating than previously assumed, and some of the lessons from this work point to when and how we might try to change implicit bias toward well-known and familiar stigmatized groups and individuals.

The book ends with the conclusions that the three categories of CFs analysed range on a continuum from compound-like to affix-like, and consist of an open class of elements destined to expand, to include novel splinters and form new words.

Throughout the latter half of the twentieth century UK policy makers and constitutional lawyers grappled with how to incorporate human rights concerns into a constitution based upon the theoretically unlimited legislative power of Parliament. This chapter charts progress towards this goal, examining first the inadequacies of the protection of ‘civil liberties’ in the UK under common law and statute. We then consider how other countries have attempted to reconcile majoritarian democratic politics with legal protections for individual rights, and how these efforts influenced the UK in the development of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). The remainder of the chapter examines the scheme of the HRA 1998, considering what rights were incorporated under the Act and the powers that the courts gained over legislation and over the activities of public bodies.