One of the challenging features in the classification of of-binominals is distinguishing between the syntactically very similar forms. Therefore, Chapter 2 presents a variety of diagnostic tests in order to tease apart the constructions in the evaluative binominal noun phrase family. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tests used in previous studies resulting in the following classification criteria: head status (Noun 1 or Noun 2), constituency tests, constraints on the selection of the two nouns, determiner selection restrictions, and the status of the preposition of. These tests are then used to classify all six of the of-binominals addressed in this study.

The increase in nouns as premodifiers in noun phrases (e.g. the stone church) is a well-known aspect of densification in Late Modern English. The corpus analysis shows that both common and proper nouns become more frequent as premodifiers. While newspapers represent the most advanced usage, the general increase in the frequency of this feature and the fact that women use it more than men in letters indicate that there may be two separate developments underway: a general increase in premodifying nouns in the communal language as a change from below and a separate trend towards additional usage as part of the densification of informational writing. Semantic analyses show that most semantic relationships between common nouns as premodifiers and their heads were already present by 1800, though some tendencies towards more opaque combinations could be found in genres where a high frequency of the feature was noted; as regards proper nouns as premodifiers, the increase in frequency was coupled with a trend towards more animate referents. Overall, the results provide clear evidence of densification in, above all, newspaper language.