This chapter lays the foundation for our inquiry into the gendered notions of early modern politics by following fifteenth- and sixteenth-century commentators on Aristotle’s practical philosophy as they attempted to define politics. The chapter shows that Renaissance commentators saw the householdas part of the political sphere, and that they were concerned with ‘the social’ in its many aspects. The chapter particularly examines the political nature of the marriage relationship and its connection to the intellectual notion of citizenship. At the centre of our examination are the Florentine commentators Leonardo Bruni, Donato Acciaiuoli, and Bernardo Segni, but a French and a German commentary, as well as a Swiss one on Cicero, also make their appearance.

Thomas Hobbes claims that he set political philosophy on its proper footing for the first time in On the Citizen. We examine the opening argument (1.1-1.2), in which Hobbes seeks to remove and replace the longstanding Aristotelian foundation, that human beings are political animals. Hobbes associates this idea with the view that human society is made possible by “mutual love” and a desire for association for its own sake. We argue that Hobbes is particularly targeting the Nicomachean Ethics on philia (friendship or love) and its role in the polis. One might nonetheless doubt that Hobbes’s arguments were at all successful. Although Hobbes certainly takes pleasure in portraying Aristotle’s views in a maximally absurd light, we show that Hobbes’s argument is more sophisticated than it first appears, and that it brings out genuine difficulties for Aristotle’s view. Finally, we consider Hobbes’s revisitation of the idea of “political animals” in a later section of On the Citizen. What emerges from this discussion is that Hobbes’s disagreement with Aristotle does not only – perhaps, not primarily – concern the nature of human motivation, but rather the essence of politics. The idea of a naturally political animal turns out to be an oxymoron.