The digestive system of the weaned piglets can be affected by the type of ingredients present in the diet, and a high fibre content in diets can limit the use of other nutrients and energy. The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in weaned piglets. Multicarbohydrase preparation had 700 U α-galactosidase, 2200 U galactomannanase, 3000 U xylanase and 22 000 U β-glucanase per kilogram of diet, and Phy had 500 phytase units – FTU/kg of diet. Twenty-five weaned piglets (6.1 ± 0.63 kg) at 21 days old were fed five diets in a completely randomised experimental design with a 2 × 2 + 1 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy; and basal diet – BD) factorial arrangement used to determine treatment effects. An additional group of piglets was fed a corn-basal diet during apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fed a 5% casein-corn starch basal diet during apparent and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid evaluations. Piglets were individually caged until 38 days old, when Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter. Test diets were made by mixing the basal diets and WB 7 : 3 (w/w), with or without MC, Phy or the combination. There was an interaction trend (P = 0.07) between MC and Phy in the balance of ash, digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME). Effects of MC (P < 0.01) on DM, N retention, DE and ME, as well as an effect of Phy (P < 0.05) on ash, DE and ME and a trend in protein digestibility (P = 0.07) also was observed. The enzyme combination showed effect (P < 0.05) on SID of Lys, Pro and Ser; as a trend (P < 0.07) on His, Thr and Val. Isolated, MC also suggested improving (P < 0.07) on SID of His, Lys, Ala (P < 0.05), while Phy improved (P < 0.06) SID of Leu, Lys, Met (P < 0.01), Thr, Val, Ala (P < 0.01), Pro and Ser (P < 0.05). The MC carbohydrate complex was characterised as a viable alternative to increase the apparent nutrients digestibility and SID of amino acids when WB was used in the diet of young pigs and, when combined with Phy, suggested an additive effect on the apparent use of energy.

High ambient temperatures affect animal production and welfare in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Feed intake, growth rate, mortality, egg production, hatchability and other production traits related to the economic success of the poultry industry are adversely affected by severe heat stress. In general, heat stress induces the activity of the neuroendocrine system, resulting in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and elevated corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, which affects metabolism and immune responses. These include negative regulation of metabolic hormones, antibody production and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Heat stress increases mitochondrial activity, causing reactive species overproduction which disrupts the antioxidant balance, leading to oxidative stress damage of membranes, protein and DNA. Heat stress stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), which significantly reduces daily gain, feed intake and FCR in poultry. Consequently, from an animal husbandry perspective, intervention strategies to relieve heat stress conditions have been the focus of many published studies. This review describes the effect of high temperature on production, behavioural, biochemical and immune responses, including oxidative damage that occur during heat stress in poultry, in broilers and laying hens. Moreover, nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequence of heat stress is discussed.

The fatty acid profile of four different genetic strains of Clarias gariepinus: gold (G), Netherlands (N), RAU (K) and Wild (W) were evaluated. Fertilised eggs and larvae of the four strains were maintained under identical environmental conditions. After nine weeks, the two faster growing strains (G and W) had less total body lipid than the others (N and R). The total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids of the four strains were: G – 32.1; 26.8 and 37.9%; N – 33.5; 27.8 and 35.5%; R – 32.7; 29.0 and 35.4%; W – 32.9; 27.7 and 36.8%, respectively. The major fatty acids that showed statistically significant differences between strains were: C16:0, C18:1ω9, C22:5ω3 and C22:6ω3. The G strain had a significantly higher ω3/ω6 ratio (2.2) compared to that of the other strains (N – 1.9; K – 1.9 and W – 1.9). In a second trial, juveniles of strain G were fed an artificial diet for 60 days containing no lipid (A, control), or the following lipids at 10% of the diet, sunflower oil (B. a high level of C18:lω9 and C18:2ω6), cod liver oil (C, a high level of 20 and 22 Cω3 fatty acids) and tallow (D, predominantly SFA and MUFA). Muscle total lipid composition was strongly influenced by diet and contained the following SFA, MUFA and PUFA percentages, and a ω3/ω6 ratio of: A – 35.9; 45.3; 15.0% and 0.5; B – 30.6; 33.4; 33.6% and 0.1; C – 33.2; 37.2; 23.6% and 1.8; D – 38.7; 45.3; 12.1% and 0.4, respectively.