How do aid agencies deliver protection and assistance in Uganda’s Kyaka II, and specifically seek to prevent and overcome gender-based violence? In what ways do they affect the women and men living there? Focusing on these questions, the chapter explores the overall camp structures and scope of aid via the humanitarian apparatus, power practices, and decision-making—as well as their effects on the refugees living in Kyaka II. Divided into four parts, the first addresses developments and aid in the camp alongside hierarchies, and argues that refugees are made ‘protection objects.’ The second part centers on projects tackling gender-based violence, and their links with global refugee policies. It reveals how preventive and protective projects against gender-based violence as well as those to support empowerment essentially draw on ‘vulnerability’ categorizations, which portray women primarily as ‘vulnerable protection objects.’ The third part addresses correlations between aid, the camp architecture, and the prevalence of gender-based violence, revealing the three issues of aid workers at times perpetrating violence, the structural effects of aid, and the risks resulting from the camp landscape. Before concluding, the fourth part considers whether the broad critique of aid provision and of the camp is reasonable in light of the challenges that aid agencies themselves face.

The rise of xenophobic campaigns involving hateful speech targeting minorities in Japan has drawn both domestic and international criticism. Responding to the recommendations of UN human rights treaty bodies, the Japanese government enacted its first law against hate speech in 2016. To respond to the question of how a law that provides for no penalties in the event of its breach can be effective, this chapter examines how international human rights norms are internalized in the development of anti-hate legislation, based on a theory of the socialization of international legal norms and transnational legal processes such that they promote national obedience to international human rights law. Analysing the legal and political process, as well as its interaction with civil society as mobilized by the anti-racism social movement, this chapter reveals those international human rights norms that have gradually influenced the judiciary, legislative, and administrative bodies, as well as civil society, smoothing the way for anti-hate legislation. In this regard, this chapter offers a case study of the ’vernacularization’ of international human rights.