The investigation and management of uncommon gynaecological cancers is made based mainly on cohort studies, case series and expert opinion. Risk factors for gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) include: maternal age, race, reproductive history, parental blood groups, and genetic predisposition. Staging for fallopian tube carcinoma is analysed by the surgical pathological system. Surgery has a limited role in the management of women with vaginal cancer. Uterine sarcomas are mesodermal tumours and account for 3-5% of all uterine cancers. FIGO has only recently introduced a staging system for these tumours to separate them from the corpus uteri staging. Uterine sarcomas are more common in black women and women who have undergone previous pelvic irradiation. Gynaecological malignancy is uncommon in childhood and adolescence. The most common malignant ovarian tumours in childhood are germ-cell carcinomas: dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumour, malignant teratoma and, more rarely, embryonal carcinoma, primary ovarian choriocarcinoma and mixed germ-cell tumour.