Chapter 5 is dedicated to the results of the fieldwork on procedural problems in the course of anti-dumping investigations. The fieldwork attempts to uncover the problems that arise in practice. The chapter first focuses on the Chinese exporters who shared their experience of US and EU investigation procedures. In addition, law firms were asked to take part in an online survey regarding their experience with these two jurisdictions. Lastly, officials at the relevant public authority in China, the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM), were interviewed as they take part in anti-dumping investigations to support their exporters. After the procedural problems from the field were identified, additional questions were sent to the investigating authorities in the US and EU. In this part of the book, these complaints and responses are gathered according to empirical data collection methods. Lastly, this chapter evaluates the data on these three jurisdictions.

The chapter focuses on the renewed campaign by Southerners to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act in the Free Soil Region, from which few fugitives had hitherto been recovered. The law’s passage triggered a storm of indignation across the region as communities gathered in public meetings and pronounced the law void and of no force. Nevertheless, the law emboldened slaveholders to pursue fugitives from enslavement who had taken refuge in abolitionist strongholds in the Upper North. In response, Underground activists took pains to publicize their activities and promised to protect fugitives who settled within the United States. As slave catchers ventured into the region, a series of spectacular public rescues garnered national attention. These large-scale acts of outright defiance revealed the determination of the region’s residents to defend the “free soil” of their communities by violence if necessary. Free Soil residents gathered in interracial crowds numbering in the thousands to confront slave catchers, humiliate those cooperating with the law, and punish those who performed the violence of mastery within their communities.