Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a large collection of cardiac malformations discovered at or before birth. CHD has an incidence of 4 – 50/1000 live births annually. One quarter of these require surgery shortly after birth. Newborn heart surgery has substantially changed since the modern era began with the adaptation of adult cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuitry for infants. After decades of progress, the center of focus has now shifted from survival to the quality of life following newborn heart surgery (NBHS). Indeed, neurodevelopmental disabilities are now considered the single most common sequela of NBHS. Clinical management in the peri-operative period has a significant impact on the infants’ long-term outcomes. Consequently, neurological monitoring in the congenital heart disease population is increasing worldwide. With so many infants undergoing NBHS, the field of neuromonitoring for these patients is wide. In this chapter, we first review the neurological effects of hypothermia and the actual conduct of newborn heart surgery. We then discuss the indications for neuromonitoring and summarize its findings and outcomes in this unique population.