Music played a crucial role in the world of medieval Christianity. In the High and Late Middle Ages, musicians continued to cultivate the traditional genres of chant and also created new kinds of music for performance both inside and outside the liturgy. This chapter shows the place of these musical trends in religious culture. The revision and composition of liturgical music continued unabated throughout the period 1100-1500, creating a vast legacy of late-medieval chant that remains largely unexplored by scholars. Many sung Latin rhythmic poems from the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries reflect doctrinal concerns of the time such as Marian and incarnational theology; the musical settings aptly convey the ideas in the texts. Some Latin songs have secular texts that offer a glimpse of contemporary religious polemics and can be tied to university milieu. A particularly vivid example of interaction between sacred, secular, Latin and vernacular is the early-fourteenth-century manuscript of the Roman de Fauvel with musical interpolations.