In Chapter 6, we present our reconceptualization of organizational control. We discuss four fundamental shifts in organizations – from face-to-face work to remote work; from stable, full-time work to alternative work arrangements; from human managers to algorithmic control; and from traditional to platform-mediated gig work – and discuss the impact of these shifts on organizational control. Our reconceptualization consists of both a conceptual part, where we advance a configurational approach to model the causal complexity inherent in organizational control, and an empirical part, where we present exemplary archetypes of control configurations across a variety of twenty-first-century organizations, including US trucking companies, GitLab, Amazon warehouses, Uber, and Upwork.

This chapter, set in the first half of the nineteenth century, and starting from Hindu–Buddhist and Islamic sites in Java, focuses on site visits and encounters, between European antiquarian-collectors and Javanese elites in search of knowledge, as they miscommunicate or exchange knowledge at Hindu–Buddhist sites that were being rediscovered, cleaned, and documented between 1800 and the 1850s. The second part of the chapter focuses on the huge restoration of the mosque of Demak in the years 1842–1848, the first to be officially supported by the colonial government. It reveals how various networks of knowledge, interests, and administrative and military power came together at one site, and kept the balance in fragile post-(Java) War times. Throughout, the chapter shows how the hierarchies of knowledge were not fixed, and how heritage and knowledge exchange helped alter old loyalties or forge new ones in the context of the violent regime changes of the early nineteenth century.

The Introduction argues that just as there was no certainty or inevitability about the creation of two sovereign states even as late as May 1947, so were pre-Independence ideas of ‘citizenship’ rights formed around a very different notion of the nation-state. This had implications for both Indian and Pakistani citizens after 1947, and the relationship between their experiences of citizenship and its attendant rights. Alongside legalistic notions of what it meant to be a citizen, with rights predicated upon law and the constitution, there are also more ‘active’ expressions of citizenship, which engage with ideas about rights as crucial for political and civic participation. It therefore, emphasizes that rights are dynamic phenomena, affected in the case of post-1947 South Asia by the physical movement of people between different jurisdictions. Rather than focus on former British provinces that were physically divided by Partition, the Introduction highlights the significance of developments elsewhere, in UP and Sindh, which found themselves in a reconfigured relationship after Independence.