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  • 2 - English as a Lingua Franca in the Context of a Sociolinguistic Typology of Contact Languages

  • from Part I - Pooling Perspectives
  • Edited by Anna Mauranen, University of Helsinki, Svetlana Vetchinnikova, University of Helsinki
  • Book:
    Language Change
    Published online:
    17 December 2020
    Print publication:
    03 December 2020, pp 44-74

  • Summary

    Different types of language evolve in situations of human social contact depending on the nature of the social contact, social structure and the speakers' attitudes towards the societies in contact. Three socially defined language types, each forming a continuum, are useful for classifying contact languages: esoteric languages, used for communication within a speech community; exoteric languages, used for communication between different speech communities; and neogenic languages, used when speech communities merge to form a new society. Lingua francas serve two different types of function in this sociolinguistic typology, and move from one function to the other. On the exoteric language continuum, lingua francas are used in long-distance contact involving at least one large-scale, stratified society. On the neogenic language continuum, the dominant language in the new society (a nation-state or empire) serves as a lingua franca until subpopulations speaking other languages shift to the dominant language.