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Cronbach's alpha is often used as a key measure of reliability in questionnaires developed in HCI. However, the state-of-the-art literature on Cronbach's alpha shows that it is itself not a reliable measure. This chapter demonstrates the problems and leads to a more nuanced interpretation of reliability, using both Cronbach's alpha and other more modern alternatives.
Factor analysis is quite regularly seen in HCI to validate questionnaires, particularly those used to measure user experience. This chapter describes and illustrates the process of developing a questionnaire to measure a particular concept, starting from item generation through to factor analysis and interpretation. It introduces bifactor analysis as a more recent development in factor analysis that could help the interpretation of questionnaires made up of multiple factors.
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