This chapter discusses the history of science since 1750 from a history of the perspective. Science and its history seem little taken up in the historiography of global or world history studies. Science was solidly institutionalized in European universities, in a transnational network of academies and societies of science, astronomical observatories, botanical gardens, hospitals, and in a variety of other niches, many state supported. In the eighteenth century the natural sciences anchored a broad and consequential intellectual and social movement, the Enlightenment. The chapter highlights new connections between science and industry in the nineteenth century. Industrialization and industrial civilization have expanded and spread over the last two hundred years to the point where the Earth is entangled in one interconnected, intertwined, and interdependent global ecology of humans and the natural world. Science and industrial civilization has been the subject of criticism, especially in the postcolonial period following the Second World War.