This chapter provides an overview of the books main issues and how they constitute a key narrative for understanding the links between Amartya Sens social choice theory (SCT) and other elements of his capability approach. It invites its readers to a long interdisciplinary journey, from an acknowledgement of the SCT features in Sen’s work to rich analytical categories that expand the core of SCT towards new forms of social theorizing. More specifically, it reviews the main features of Sen’s SCT and discusses a wide range of issues related to collective choices and individual values, such as those of consensus building, institutional change, identity perceptions, inclusiveness, notions of agency, the role of moral sentiments and emotions in shaping social choice, an ethics of sufficiency versus an ethics of optimal social capability, the influence of psychological aspects on individuals’ choices and the role of social structures in shaping people’s social priorities. It covers a wide range of empirical cases, and advances a proposal for a broader notion of social choice that can be richer, more interdisciplinary and more useful to human development theory and policies.

This chapter discusses the role of NGO observers in the IPCC and the extent to which they have access to and participate in the work of the Panel. Many UN institutions have arrangements for participation by NGOs and the IPCC is no exception. NGO observers include academic institutions, think tanks, civil society, Indigenous Peoples Organisations, and business associations. They take part in IPCC meetings and nominate their representatives to serve as authors and reviewers in the preparation of assessment reports. NGO observers’ participation in the Panel is an important topic in light of the increasing emphasis on inclusiveness and diversity of views in science-policy interfaces and international institutions. The chapter also identifies related knowledge gaps and summarises the challenges and opportunities for enhanced NGO engagement in the IPCC.

This chapter summarizes the book overall, as well as mentioning case studies that were not covered in previous chapters. It concludes by reinforcing the importance of native speaker linguists and inclusiveness in the language sciences.

How to work with a publisher to develop and market a textbook, emphasizing the need to write for a specific audience.

This chapter addresses the unbalanced protection of private rights in land and maritime boundary-making. Based on the observation that private rights are more effectively protected on land, the study argues for a reconstruction of the maritime delimitation framework so that private interests in disputed areas are taken into account. The similarities between land and maritime delimitation processes and the common need for the protection of private interests in both settings allow for the application of legal analogy. This allows certain principles which apply in land delimitation to be extended to maritime delimitation. Against this background, the chapter provides a series of short- and long-term means which can be implemented by states and judicial bodies performing maritime delimitation, as well as by policymakers engaged in the development of international law.

We want to celebrate the resilience of refugees. We therefore dedicate this chapter to all those who came to the UK seeking protection and have made a life in the UK against the odds. Past mental health work has been disproportionately focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a diagnosis. This imbalance has improved in more recent years. Refugees are now known to have a higher rate and wider range of mental health problems as well as psychosocial stress. Refugees need their basic needs met as well as addressing mental health problems. Interventions that have helped have been social such as access to employment, combating discrimination and fostering inclusiveness. Resolving asylum uncertainty has been central to a reduction in mental health distress. The importance of the culture of the refugee cannot be underestimated in assessing and managing their health needs. One difficulty has been refugees’ access to mental health services. Mainstreaming was the main approach, but some specialist services enhanced access during this time. Some specialist services developed within the voluntary sector.

Throughout the history of mankind, migration has been a constant companion. Today, migration has become a major policy issue in the wake of globalization, enhanced international trade in goods and services and capital flows. Divergences in social and economic development and income disparities increased migration flows mainly of economic migrants for which, unlike political refugees, established multilateral disciplines and rules that do not properly exist in international law and relations people lived outside their country of origin. Enhanced migration flows due to a multitude of factors, such as war, climate and in economic disparities are at the root of current populism and international tensions. It bears to the potential to threat international peace and security, and thus potentially qualifies as a common concern of humankind. The paper expounds the potential of the principle of Common Concern of Humankind in structuring future developments of international law of migration, enhancing duties to cooperate, compliance and obligations to act in the field. It is submitted that Common Concern of Humankind offers a new narrative, stressing migration as as common task of humankind which no longer can be dealt with in isolation by nation states.

This chapter attempts to assess whether and to what extent international law can be seen as governing intra-state peace agreements; and, by turning to the practice of negotiating such agreements, whether international legal obligations, such as with respect to the inclusion of civil society actors, have emerged or are currently emerging. Demonstrating that there exist complex relationships between the practice reflected in peace agreements and international law, the chapter argues that when trying to understand these relationships, much depends on our theoretical stance vis-à-vis international law. Relying on an interactional and pluralistic conception of law, this chapter emphasises the relevance of process-related obligations and the continuous creation and adjustment of legal norms. Finally, the chapter considers the reasons why it might be desirable to ground the practice of peace agreements in international law and to allow this practice to contribute to the development of international law.

Governance through goals, a relatively new global governance mechanism, has recently gained prominence, particularly since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals. Through this mechanism, internationally agreed policy goals orchestrate the activities of governmental and non-governmental actors. This chapter argues that governance through goals has important effects on governance architectures and their degree and type of fragmentation. To analyze these effects, we review literature around four characteristics of governance through goals: their non-legally binding nature, weak global institutional arrangements, inclusive goal-setting processes and national leeway. We argue that alternative forms of bindingness, such as reporting and accountability mechanisms, can steer actors toward a shared vision. This may result in synergistic fragmentation if broad support is obtained through inclusive processes. However, tensions and cherry-picking may arise when goals are prioritized and implemented. Further research on the effects of governance through goals is crucial given that it is likely to maintain – and gain – importance in earth system governance.

Internationalization plays an important role in Huawei’s transformation from a fledgling Chinese start-up to a powerful multinational company. Huawei’s internationalization is characterized by repeated failures, difficult struggles and unceasing learning by doing. In this chapter, we divide the whole internationalization process of Huawei into three stages based on the different challenges at each stage. They are (1) overcoming the liability of foreignness, (2) managing complexity to achieve synergy from a global perspective, and (3) changing from a latecomer mindset to that of a global leader. For each stage, we summarize and discuss how Huawei adopts routinization and de-routinization strategies to efficiently overcome different challenges. The managerial implications derived from Huawei’s internationalization will be useful for other multinational firms.

Looking at the general trend, we are walking towards the possibility of three different futures. The first possibility is a state of global chaos, the second possibility is a global autocracy and the third scenario is global democracy, could be the product of the motivational will of policy-makers, politicians, thinkers and opinion leaders with the backing of society, based on the centuries-long and bitter experiences of humankind and bestowed with the participatory virtues of shared values.

What we need to do is release ourselves from the psychology of pessimism, establish a healthy balance between a normativism attached to reality and a realism that takes values into account, and then to create a new projection of order within the harmony of this balance.

In order to elicit a new order’s doctrinal basis, one needs to define the fundamental principles that will constitute the intellectual substructure for international, regional and national-scale endeavors and guide practical applications.

In this framework in the fifth section, the principles of a vision for a new order are discussed and analyses the five principles of inclusive governance; inclusiveness, internal consistency, interest optimization, implementation of power structure and institutionalization.

Judith Ketchell is a proud Torres Strait Islander woman who has balanced her own family of five wonderful children and two grandchildren. She graduated as a teacher in Townsville in 1982 and has worked in remote, rural and urban school communities throughout Queensland. Teaching has always been her destiny, and her rewarding career has provided her with many opportunities to take on various leadership positions across the P–12 sectors of schooling; but more importantly, it has created a vehicle for Indigenous participation in decision making. Judith has worked extensively developing curriculum at the local, state and national level and more recently established a curriculum frame that builds upon the foundation of Torres Strait

This chapter considers what institutional arrangements are appropriate in multiethnic states, to help bring about political inclusivity. Policymakers seeking to promote inclusive politics must take account the political and economic consequences of the policies chosen. It is not only a question of technically appropriate institutions. Institutional design is a political process shaped by the challenges of the ethnic structure of the society in question, the nature of inequalities between the groups, the historical pattern of the institutionalization of power, and the dominant culture of politics. Two of the most important targets of institutional re-design are the territorial division of the state and the rules governing political parties and electoral systems. The chapter explores what the expected outcomes of institutional re-design might be and draws our attention to the dilemmas and trade-offs implicit in the politics of inclusion. It concludes that regardless of what formal and informal rules are adopted in any country, the over-riding principle should be the attainment of institutional and political ends which make for inclusive politics and harmonious inter-ethnic relations.

This chapter considers whether there is a trade-off between growth and equality, as economists sometimes assert, differentiating between vertical inequality (among individuals) and horizontal inequality (among groups). Most evidence challenges the supposed trade-off, suggesting greater equality increases growth, especially sustained growth. Inequality among individuals tends to limit human resources, while inequality among groups can lead to violent conflict, and both constrain growth. Greater equality also supports other desirable objectives, including better nutrition, less crime, and better health. The impact of growth on equality is analysed. This depends on how far earnings are spread via employment; and the redistributionary effects of tax and government expenditure. Labour-intensive activities tend to improve distribution, while capital-intensive ones, heavy reliance on minerals for exports and rising skill requirements tend to worsen it. For horizontal inequality, the impact of growth varies according to group location, economic specialization and policies, illustrated by the experience of Ghana, Peru, Malaysia and Northern Ireland. The chapter surveys policies likely to improve vertical and horizontal distribution, with examples drawn from many countries. Finally, the chapter considers the political conditions needed to support equalising policies.