This study examines the impact of county-level immigration enforcement of section 287(g) mandates on the number of businesses in the United States. Using the difference-in-differences model, we find that the implementation of 287(g) negatively affected the total number of businesses. We find that counties with 287(g) agreements experienced a 6 percent decrease in the total number of businesses per 1000 county population and this negative effect appeared to be more prominent in businesses with a higher number of employees. Our findings shed light on the complex impacts of immigration policies on businesses, especially those reliant on immigrant labor.

Russia remains the destination of choice for Tajik migrants. Its migration policies have profound implications for migrants’ legal status and capacity to remit and return home. This article draws on ethnographic research in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and explores how the enforcement of Russia’s immigration laws affects Tajik migrants and their families. By 2016, over 300,000 Tajik migrants were issued entry bars (zapret na v’ezd) for three or more years for two or more administrative offenses, including the lack of a work permit or a residential registration and a traffic violation. Migration and the transnational lifestyle increase agency among Tajik men and women, informing gender transformations. Entry bars produce temporary constraints to spatial and social mobility as migrants readjust to well-defined gender roles in their home country. We note how immigration laws affect men and women in different ways, contextualizing the gendered effects of entry bars through the lens of gender relations and understandings of masculinity and femininity in Tajikistan. We argue that the constraints to migrants’ mobility developed by Russian migration policies inform the reconstitution of gender relations in Tajikistan.