This chapter reviews the elements of anatomy that are required in order to understand and control deep brain stimulation (DBS) outcomes and side effects in patients with dystonia. The essential features for optimal programming in dystonia are: optimal electrode selection and configuration, amplitude, pulse width, and rate. One of the challenges of the initial programming in patients with dystonia is the virtual absence of immediate clinical response to stimulation. One of the very first reports describing successful treatment of dystonia with globus pallidus internal (GPi) DBS described maximal symptomatic relief with stimulation at 50 Hz, though at a very high pulse width. Appropriate DBS lead location is absolutely necessary to achieve optimal results. Currently available neurostimulators provide features that may help the programmer in distinguishing device-related problems from other forms of therapeutic failure. Current spread ventrally to the optic tract causes phosphenes and occasionally nausea.