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6 results

  • 3 - Papal Documents, c. 400–c. 1150

  • D. L. d'Avray, University College London
  • Book:
    The Power of Protocol
    Published online:
    20 July 2023
    Print publication:
    10 August 2023, pp 38-76

  • Summary

    While Late Antique decretals were being transmitted to new generations, popes corresponded with kings and emperors, by the mid-to-late eighth century at times in surprisingly faulty Latin, and a new genre of papal document appeared alongside them, solemn privileges, written on papyrus, two or three meters long, mostly for monasteries. Not much thought was required to compose them, as beneficiaries brought drafts of the substantive part and a formulary supplied the top and the tail. What exactly these privileges granted is a matter of debate. They were written in a script descended from late Roman cursive and hard to read. This was probably an advantage. The archaic script concealed bad Latin. And the appearance would have inspired awe. In the eleventh century the late Roman script and the long papyrus format were abandoned, to be replaced by new devices to make the document impressive. What exactly they were granting to monasteries became clearer in the twelfth century.

  • 3 - Not-for-Profit Organisations and Competition Law

  • from Part I - The Object and Purpose of Corporations
  • Edited by Marco Corradi, ESSEC Business School Paris and Singapore, Julian Nowag, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
  • Book:
    Intersections Between Corporate and Antitrust Law
    Published online:
    25 May 2023
    Print publication:
    08 June 2023, pp 48-60
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  • Summary

    There are often claims that competition law does not or should not apply to entities that operate on a not-for-profit basis. Operating on a not-for-profit is not however accepted as a reason to exclude an entities activities from the scope of competition law. Competition law is applied to non-profit providers and this essay identifies a number of ways in which not-for-profit status can influence the way the law is applied. It then considers whether, particularly when not-for-profit entities are competing with for-profit entities, whether and why modifications in the application of the law are justified.

  • Influence of critically appraising exemption requests from healthcare personnel along a spectrum of influenza vaccine hesitancy

  • Joshua C. Eby, Morgan M. Richey, Costi D. Sifri, Jonathon Z. Schuch
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 11 / November 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 February 2022, pp. 1672-1678
    Print publication:
    November 2022
  • Objectives:

    This study was performed to assess whether an intervention for critically appraising influenza vaccine exemption requests from healthcare personnel (HCP) affected (1) the overall rate of influenza vaccine exemption within a healthcare institution and/or (2) the rates of postintervention vaccine acceptance among those who inconsistently request exemption from annual vaccination and those who consistently request exemption from vaccination.

    Design:

    Retrospective, before-and-after intervention study.

    Setting:

    We conducted the study at a single academic medical center.

    Participants:

    This study included 29,663 HCP.

    Methods:

    Between 2010 and 2019, HCP were permitted to request an exemption from influenza vaccination without critical appraisal of exemption requests. After January 2019, medical center policy required critical appraisal of exemption requests. Of those employed 3 or more years who requested an exemption at least once during the preintervention period (n = 1,177), those with unchanging exemption reasons annually were termed “consistent exempters.” Those who changed reasons or accepted vaccination n ≥ 1 times were termed “inconsistent exempters.”

    Results:

    The overall exemption rate from influenza vaccine decreased from 3.8% to 1.2% (P < .001; N = 29,663) after the intervention. Of those requesting exemption at least once before the intervention, 329 (28.0%) of 1,177 were consistent exempters and 878 (72.0%) were inconsistent exempters. Of inconsistent exempters employed after the intervention, 442 (88.9%) of 497 accepted vaccine postintervention compared with 118 (59.6%) of 198 consistent exempters (P < .001). Of all exempters who changed from exemption to acceptance after the intervention, 442 (78.9%) of 560 were inconsistent exempters.

    Conclusions:

    Critical appraisal of HCP exemption requests promotes influenza vaccine acceptance, and acceptance by inconsistent exempters drives the effect of the intervention. Analysis of changes in annual exemption requests represents a novel objective method for describing those on the spectrum of vaccine hesitancy.

  • Marginal Citizens: Interracial intimacies and the incarceration of Japanese Canadians, 1942–1949

  • Mary Anne Vallianatos
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Law & Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / April 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 September 2021, pp. 49-67
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  • Following Japan’s 1941 attacks on Hawai’i and Hong Kong, Canada relocated, detained, and exiled citizens and residents of Japanese ancestry. Many interracial families, however, were exempted from this racial project called the internment. The form of the exemption was an administrative permit granted to its holder on the basis of their marital or patrilineal proximity to whiteness. This article analyzes these permits relying on archival research and applying a critical race feminist lens to explore how law was constitutive of race at this moment in Canadian history. I argue that the permits recategorized interracial intimacies towards two racial ends: to differentiate the citizen from the “enemy alien”; and to regulate the interracial family according to patriarchal common law principles. This article nuances received narratives of law as an instrument of racial exclusion by documenting the way in which a new inclusive state measure sustained old exclusions.

  • The Mandatory Bid Rule in China

  • Wei Cai
  • Journal:
    European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR) / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / December 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 December 2011, pp. 653-680
    Print publication:
    December 2011

  • Takeover has been widely accepted as a necessary method to improve the performance of certain inefficient firms. However, strict enforcement of the Mandatory Bid Rule (MBR) would make takeovers impossible in China. As a result, its operative effect has been diluted through a series of measures. First, the China Securities Regulatory Commission has always granted exemptions from mandatory bid obligations to avoid the detrimental effects of strict enforcement. Second, in practice, certain firms that do not apply for exemptions or fail in their applications are able to circumvent their mandatory bid obligations by launching takeovers within an appropriate time period when the market is booming. Third, this circumvention is facilitated by rules allowing for the adjustment of the bid consideration. Fourth, the proportional partial takeover bid rule was introduced in 2006, further weakening the regime. These realities make the MBR exist in name only in China, yet it can still create obstacles to takeovers. Therefore, it should be abolished.

  • What Shall We Do with the Depressive Conscripts?

  • K Parkkola, J Tuominen, J Piha
  • Journal:
    Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 17 / Issue S1 / March 2002
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 February 2017, pp. S37-S38
    Print publication:
    March 2002
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