We have seen in Chapter 9 that we have many avenues to improve medication safety in anesthesia and the perioperative period, with considerable evidence and expert consensus to support them. However, human nature, just as it leads to errors, also often drives resistance to implementing safety interventions. Complicating our efforts to improve safety are safety paradoxes that, although would seem to improve safety, actually may work against safety. Achieving improved patient safety requires a deep understanding of not just how things go wrong when error-prone human beings work within complex systems but also why changes that would have a high probability of reducing the risk of errors are so often resisted. Needed changes can be resisted by individual physicians and by entire leadership of a large healthcare system. We return to the concept of violations, and emphasize that failure to hold violators accountable will effectively undermine safety efforts. Finally, an effort to understand why we do not change is absolutely imperative, as our continued refusal to change to safer methods continues to imperil our patients.