Chapter 6 discusses how environmental stewardship established itself as a fundamental norm of international society. The first section reviews the creation of secondary institutions, or environmental regimes, and how dynamics of international environmental rule-setting reinforced but also reinterpreted the underlying environmental norm. The second part focuses on indicators of changing state behaviour and identity, particularly with regard to how environmentalism affected diplomatic practices and multilateralism as a mode of international cooperation. The third part completes the story by examining the spatial dimension of environmental stewardship’s social consolidation, with a focus on how environmental ideas and practices spread worldwide and how the Global South came to not only adopt but also redefine global environmental responsibilities.

This chapter describes and analyzes the law and practice concerning Chinese foreign relations law in the context of global environmental governance. It explains why Chinese foreign relations law is fragmented and unpredictable. Against this fragmentation, it focuses on the field of environmental law and analyses how “environmental diplomacy” plays a role in Chinese foreign relations law pertaining to the environment. To demonstrate general law and practice, the chapter focuses on two core issues, which are allocation of Chinese public powers on negotiating, concluding and approving international environmental treaties and agreements and international cooperation with global environmental institutions. Finally, the chapter explores two issues concerning the legal status of environmental treaties in China, their legal place and methods of implementation that ensure compliance.