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2 results

  • 8 - Causal Sequences in Long-Term Democratic Development and Decline

  • Edited by Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Amanda B. Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
  • Book:
    Why Democracies Develop and Decline
    Published online:
    28 June 2022
    Print publication:
    23 June 2022, pp 215-261

  • Summary

    This chapter summarizes the explanations developed in preceding chapters, fits them into a more comprehensive theoretical framework, and tests them using path analysis, which helps researchers understand causal sequences. Democratization is characterized by punctuated equilibrium. Distant historical factors such as geography and demographic characteristics, together with incrementally changing aspects of social and economic development, affect a country’s level of democracy, but only roughly. Institutions and organizations such as a healthy civil society, the rule of law, and institutionalized political parties, tend to reinforce one another and keep each country’s level of electoral democracy close to an equilibrium or set point. However, short-term economic performance, anti-system movements, and opposition campaigns can sometimes disturb the equilibrium, making significant upturns and downturns possible.

  • DISTAL AND NON-DISTAL PAIRS

  • PHILIPP HIERONYMI, TRAVIS NELL
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 82 / Issue 1 / March 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 March 2017, pp. 375-383
    Print publication:
    March 2017

  • The aim of this note is to determine whether certain non-o-minimal expansions of o-minimal theories which are known to be NIP, are also distal. We observe that while tame pairs of o-minimal structures and the real field with a discrete multiplicative subgroup have distal theories, dense pairs of o-minimal structures and related examples do not.