Risk is a central concept in modern regulatory studies. In Chapter 2, the general idea of ’risk’ is introduced. The chapter helps readers grasp its scientific and practical relevance for regulation. The chapter also offers an overview of the importance of risk in scholarly work and policy-making. The chapter emphasizes the extensive and diverse nature of risk studies across different academic disciplines including ’technical’ quantitative methods and sociological critique. It explains how risk identification, risk assessment, and risk management are conventionally understood and highlights their shortcomings and complexities. Additionally, it discusses the trend of ’riskification’ – the tendency to frame a growing number of issues in the language of risk.

The poet/painter Isaac Rosenberg‘s poverty, education, and Jewish upbringing made him an outsider, yet this experience equipped him to cope with the unforeseen horror of war in the trenches: ‘I am determined that this war, with all its powers for devastation, shall not master my poetry.’ At first overshadowed by Brooke, Sassoon, and Owen, Rosenberg, whose background and poetic achievement insistently challenged contemporary judgements, increasingly symbolised those outside the established cultural canons. It was the poets who read and absorbed his work; and those of the next war who found in him an alternative voice which spoke to them. In the 1950s/60s that difference of approach, which had seemingly marginalised Rosenberg, now interested younger poets and eventually critics and the wider public. The originality and strength of his poetry were rooted in the struggle with the opposing elements of his life, which did not follow the conventions of any role he played: East End Jew, poet, painter or soldier.

This chapter is the first of three that shifts the focus of the book from the Arctic ship to the public metropolitan sphere. Between 1850 and 1853, an astonishing twelve travel narratives of exploration were published by members of expeditions involved in the search for Franklin. By 1860, twenty-four narratives had been published from the search, representing a sudden increase in books about the Arctic. Many of the publications were illustrated and ran to several editions, testifying to the popularity of texts about Arctic exploration. The chapter explores the text–picture interplay in narratives of travel and exploration that were published by members of search expeditions from 1850 to 1860. It explains how the representation of the Arctic was heavily dependent on factors such as the success and duration of the voyage, the way in which an author wished to portray himself, and the vibrant visual culture of the nineteenth century.

This chapter focuses on subcultural theorists that explore collective collective responses to social inequality through crime and deviance. Subcultural explanations were not grouped into a formal subcultural paradigm until the works of American delinquency theorists who were attempting to account for the concentrations of crime and violence in poor, urban neighbourhoods. Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin and Miller were among the first of many cultural deviance theorists to develop the concept of a criminal subculture (e.g. gangs) and to link it to social structural problems such as poverty and inequality. Then in the 1960s the Birmingham School, a group of researchers and theorists based at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) posited that subcultures were a form of ‘resistance’ that did not have to be ‘criminal’. These two approaches are respectively referred to as the American and the British strands of subcultural theories. Each of these traditions has a distinct understanding of the role and place of subcultures in society broadly, and in the lives of predominantly young working-class males.

At its core, constitutional law addresses the uses and abuses of government power. This should include the use and abuses of the government’s expressive powers. This book describes and explores the complexities of the constitutional questions triggered by the government’s speech, and offers a framework for thinking about them. Its objectives also include shining a light on the government’s speech in its many manifestations, with its vast array of audiences, topics, means, motives, and consequences. The more we recognize the volume and variety of the government’s speech in our lives, the more thoughtfully we can puzzle over its constitutional implications. The government’s speech packs great power. Even—and perhaps especially—in times of grave crisis, the government’s speech can be soaring in its inspiration, its humanity, and in its success in achieving essential public purposes. At times, however, the government’s speech instead threatens, bullies, divides, and deceives for self-interested reasons, and sometimes with crushing results. This book identifies some of the motivations for and consequences of those choices, as well as possible means for constructively influencing them.