This chapter provides an overview of phonologically conditioned synchronic alternations representative of Slavic languages. The vocalic processes covered are vowel reduction and resulting phonological neutralization patterns in unstressed syllables, vowel-zero alternations, alternations in vowel quantity due to compensatory lengthening or to rhythmic requirements, and alternations in vowel quality, such as fronting/backing and raising/lowering. The consonantal processes discussed include alternations in voicing, such as voicing assimilation and word-final devoicing, and palatalization before front vowels and as a result of assimilation in a consonant cluster. Some language-specific alternations are also discussed.

This chapter deals with phonological and morpho-lexical phenomena in Romance that are conditioned by prominence or – more generally speaking – metrical structure. Relevant in this respect are synchronic phonological effects on surface forms, in other words, systematic alternations, as well as diachronic effects on underlying representations, that is, on linguistic inventories and systems. Among the phonological effects of prominence treated here are lengthening, well-attested in Italian, and diphthongization of stressed vowels – found in most Romance languages. Of equal interest are effects of non-prominence, such as vowel aphaeresis, apocope and syncope, and vowel reduction. As to phenomena conditioned by constraints on metrical well-formedness, considered here as effects of stress, the chapter deals with the Italo-Romance type of consonant gemination, as well as compensatory lengthening more generally. Adjacent stresses may be subject to clash resolution, a phenomenon that has been described for some, but not all, Romance languages. In the realm of morphophonology, alternations of the verb root often depend on the position of stress, which is particularly evident for diphthongization. The chapter ends with a discussion of how metrical structure shapes the form of words, imposing requirements on the minimal size of lexical entries.