Scientific disciplines are characterized by cultures of practice that shape how research is conducted. The conventional research designs of studies by human behavioral ecologists entail both pros and cons. This chapter considers alternatives that would allow human behavioral ecologists to marshal the empirical evidence that is needed for convincing answers to long-standing debates. In particular, the chapter advocates for greater emphasis on long-term, individual-based field research. Data acquired via prospective panel studies can be used to examine the dynamic processes that unfold over long periods of time, including life span and intergenerational processes. Remedies are needed to the structural obstacles that limit the implementation of prospective panel studies, including logistical and funding constraints. The chapter also addresses the disadvantageous academic research culture that incentivizes scientists to pursue status and prestige instead of research objectives with greater long-term value. Methods to support longitudinal research are discussed, including approaches to data management and data analysis. The chapter concludes by highlighting opportunities for rising generations of human behavioral ecologists to reshape the culture of research practice in order to advance principled, ethical, and compelling approaches to the comparative study of human behavior.

Chapter 11 aims to summarize the key messages in the book by applying them to our thinking during the coronavirus crisis. I show how many of the concepts – from psychology and formal modelling – recur in expert and lay reasoning during the pandemic. I argue that the danger of jumping to premature causal claims, without careful evidence evaluation, is particularly rife in situations of radical uncertainty. But causal thinking is also an essential tool for dealing with such crises.