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2 results

  • 3 - Irony and Cognitive Operations

  • from Part II - The Scope of Irony
  • Edited by Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr, Herbert L. Colston, University of Alberta
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Irony and Thought
    Published online:
    20 December 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023, pp 38-59

  • Summary

    Irony is a complex phenomenon that may rely on several different forms of thought which are routinely relied on in verbal and nonverbal communication. This chapter outlines a theory of the “cognitive operations” that underlie the possible production and understanding of ironic meaning. These cognitive operations (e.g., strengthening and mitigation, expansion and reduction) are critical in the expression and interpretation of many figures of speech (e.g., metaphor, metonymy) and may provide the basis for a more general theory of meaning construction. Mendoza Ibáñez focuses primarily in this chapter, however, on ironic echoing, which allows speakers to pretend to be in agreement with some previously stated utterance or presumed thought. He considers many of the formal complexities of ironic echoing to demonstrate their varying, often subtle, communicative effects. His analysis also suggests how attention to cognitive operations may provide the theoretical basis for unifying verbal and situational irony.

  • Chapter 17 - Use of stimulants in operational settings: issues and considerations

  • from Section 4 - Summary and Conclusions
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book:
    Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
    Published online:
    05 September 2012
    Print publication:
    23 August 2012, pp 237-256

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the evidence concerning the efficacy of psychostimulants as cognitive enhancers in healthy and non-clinical individuals. Cognitive operations are the mental processes whose outcomes affect mental content in one or more areas of cognition. Cognitive functions are typically modulated by non-cognitive factors such as mood, level of energy, motor function, impulsivity, and motivation. Cognitive enhancement is an intervention that improves or augments one or more cognitive domains, such as learning, memory, or attention. Psychostimulant is a behavioral description for drugs that elevate mood, increase motor activity, increase alertness, allay sleep, and increase the brain's metabolic activity. Psychostimulants are a large class of drugs with broadly overlapping neuropharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic effects. The class of psychostimulants most commonly reported for use as cognitive enhancers is that of amphetamines. Amphetamines influence both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.