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1 results

  • Chapter 17 - Activation Procedures

  • from Part II - Interpretation
  • Neville M. Jadeja
  • Book:
    How to Read an EEG
    Published online:
    24 June 2021
    Print publication:
    15 July 2021, pp 160-168

  • Summary

    Activation procedures are used to elicit epileptic activity. Hyperventilation and photic stimulation are commonly used activation procedures. Hyperventilation is contraindicated in cerebrovascular disease. The normal hyperventilation response consists of a high-amplitude, frontally dominant, generalized slowing (called buildup). This is age dependent and may be absent in older individuals. Hyperventilation provokes absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). Prolonged buildup may be seen in Moya-Moya disease. Photic stimulation normally results in symmetric, occipital dominant, repetitive sharps at the flash frequency or a slower harmonic (called driving). Photo paroxysmal response consists of induction of epileptic discharges with photic stimulation, while photo convulsive response results from a seizure elicited during photic stimulation.