Oaths were ubiquitous in late medieval society, binding men to political structures and leaders. With the Reformation in Scotland, oaths became an important tool of indoctrination and engagement, used by early reformers and later dissidents to bind the consciences of male and female followers and by the crown to weed dangerous opinions out of government and wider society. From 1581, reformers linked assertory confessional oaths, traditional Scottish bands promising mutual aid and the Old Testament trope of the covenanted nation to create powerful collective oaths taken by men and women in parishes across Scotland. The swearing of the King’s Confession, the National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant allowed the nation’s commitments to be invoked to justify political demands, even when actual opinions were divided. This chapter examines the development of collective oaths from the reign of James VI, tracing an unfolding battle to control the opinions of subjects at large, including, under James VII, a brief experiment in the lifting of all oaths except civil allegiance.

Chapter 6 covers the internal energy E, which is the first term in the free energy, F = E – TS. The internal energy originates from the quantum mechanics of chemical bonds between atoms. The bond between two atoms in a diatomic molecule is developed first to illustrate concepts of bonding, antibonding, electronegativity, covalency, and ionicity. The translational symmetry of crystals brings a new quantum number, k, for delocalized electrons. This k-vector is used to explain the concept of energy bands by extending the ideas of molecular bonding and antibonding to electron states spread over many atoms. An even simpler model of a gas of free electrons is also developed for electrons in metals. Fermi surfaces of metals are described. The strength of bonding depends on the distance between atoms. The interatomic potential of a chemical bond gives rise to elastic constants that characterize how a bulk material responds to small deformations. Chapter 6 ends with a discussion of the elastic energy generated when a particle of a new phase forms inside a parent phase, and the two phases differ in specific volume.

Provides the context of how and why military music was coordinated in the period immediately before the outbreak of the Great War. It will briefly trace the beginnings of Royal Marines Divisional Bands in the Royal Navy during the late eighteenth century, as well as the founding of the Royal Military School of Music at Kneller Hall, and the Royal Naval School of Music at Eastney Barracks, explaining how bandsmen were recruited, trained and deployed, and why music was a vital element of the services’ daily, ceremonial and wartime operations. This chapter will also engage with pre-war concerns expressed about the lack of music in Britain’s armed forces, and the wider debates about the quality and direction of British music in the Edwardian period.

The introduction explains why comparatively little is known about the musical cultures of the British armed forces despite music’s quotidian nature in the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force. This book will therefore examine the formal and informal applications of music in the British forces on land, sea and air, during their periods of work, rest and play, in military camps, on ships, in aerodromes, on the battlefields, in hospitals and prisoner of war camps, theatres, cinemas and canteen huts. It argues why the musical cultures of Britain’s armed forces should be examined in the social, cultural and military contexts in which they developed.

Moves with the military bands, pipes, drums and buglers to the fighting fronts. It will show the practical uses of music in the field and on board ships as an important marker for servicemen’s daily schedules. This section will also outline musicians’ roles in battle. It will show that while Bandsmen in regular infantry units often acted as stretcher bearers, those who enlisted from August 1914 and served in Territorial battalions did a great many other jobs. It will also show that the formation of bands was driven largely by the men themselves.