The Detroit Lakes chain of lakes consists of five basins in northwest Minnesota adjacent to the town of Detroit Lakes. Flowering rush has been established in these basins since the 1960s. We evaluated the distribution of flowering rush in the five basins using a point intercept method, with 830 points distributed in a grid with points 150 m apart. These data were analyzed to determine whether invasive and native species frequencies were different between 2010 and 2011. We also assessed co-occurrence of flowering rush with native hardstem bulrush. The distribution of both flowering rush and hardstem bulrush was unchanged from 2010 to 2011. Flowering rush is invading areas with native plants and not establishing in unvegetated areas. Although flowering rush is found as deep as 4.5 m, it is most frequent at a depth of 1.3 m. We also examined the distribution of biomass and growth across a depth gradient from 0.3 to 3.0 m in 0.3-m intervals. At each 0.3-m interval, three biomass samples were collected at each of 10 transects for a total of 30 samples per depth interval or 300 biomass samples. At each point, leaf height, emergent leaf height, water depth, number of ramets, and number of rhizome buds were counted. Biomass samples were collected in a 0.018-m2 core sampler, sorted to shoots and belowground biomass. We found that flowering rush height and biomass peaked at 1.3 m and declined with greater depth. Bud density was negatively related to water depth. Bud density averaged 300 buds m–2, which was three times the average ramet density (100 ramets m–2).

We have studied a number of related processes of the nitrogen cycle in a Brazilian floodplain lake to identify the major pools and pathways over a short time period. The study was centred on the littoral zone dominated by the floating plant Eichhornia azurea, which has a large epiphyte algal community of which heterocystous cyanobacteria were the major components. The water column was continuously undersaturated with oxygen although some elevated values (to 60% saturation) were recorded in the macrophyte beds in the afternoon. Marked diel temperature changes were documented. NH4-N dominated the dissolved N component in the water with maximal values (60 mg m−3) at lowest O2, concentrations early in the morning. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of the epiphyte community showed marked diel changes with daily values of 5 mg N fixed m−2 day−1 (based on 3:1 C2H4:N2 ratio). Macrophyte NH4-N uptake rates (in situ incubations) were 93 mg N m−2 day−1. The activities of nitrifying bacteria could not be detected with the nitrapyrin block on dark CO2 fixation but denitrification (acetylene block technique) was recorded in the sediments when enhanced with NO-3. The major pathways of aquatic nitrogen involved macrophyte uptake and sediment release of NH4-N.

Littorella uniflora (L.) Ascherson is a small, perennial, amphibious rhizophyte of rosette life-form which is common along the margins of lakes, tarns and reservoirs where water-level fluctuations are often rapid and unpredictable. The majority of plants are continuously submersed and reproduce vegetatively, but a small proportion become completely emersed for variable lengths of time, when flowering and seed set occur. To find out how L. uniflora adjusts to sudden emersion we studied the plants at a reservoir where water level falls each spring and remains low throughout the summer; L. uniflora adjusted very quickly showing a degree of phenotypic plasticity not expected in a ‘stress tolerator’, including the production of a new set of terrestrial leaves with reduced lacunal volume and increased stomatal density, a rapid increase in leaf growth rate, and flowering within 3–4 wk. Comparison of terrestrial L. uniflora with aquatic plants growing permanently submersed in lake and tarn habitats showed that three to fourfold more carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was incorporated into above-ground biomass by emersed plants. However, ramet production in the aquatic environment appeared to be more costly, in terms of C and N invested, than terrestrial flower and seed production. The combination of continuous, submersed vegetative spread with the capacity for a high degree of phenotypic plasticity allowing some flower and seed production to occur during brief periods of emersion seems to account for the success of this plant in the amphibious niche.

L'étude phytoécologique de la Moder (rivière du Nord-Est de la France) a été réalisée en 1994 et en 1995 en effectuant des relevés végétaux associés à des analyses physico-chimiques. L'amont, situé sur grès, se caractérise par des eaux peu minéralisées et par un groupement végétal à bryophytes (Amblystegium riparium, A. tenax), Callitriche (C. platycarpa, C. obtusangula, C. hamulata), Ranunculus peltatus, Elodea (E. canadensis, E. nuttallii) et Vaucheria sp. A l'aval, la rivière s'écoule sur substrat marno-calcaire. La minéralisation augmente, une nouvelle espèce d'élodée E. ernstae et des algues du genre Cladophora apparaissent. Une comparaison entre les phytocénoses aquatiques de la Moder et celles des rivières phréatiques bicarbonatées calciques du Ried alsacien permet de préciser le rôle des différents paramètres physico-chimiques et en particulier celui de la minéralisation dans la distribution des communautés végétales.