Tremendous progress has been made since cementum analysis first applications in the 1950s. Today, with a better understanding of cementum biology, robust, replicable protocols support promising innovative research. Now, cementum should be considered within a broader evolutionary framework and cementogenesis tested from chronobiology theoretical assumptions to identify genetic or environmental variables affecting its circannual growth. With the rise of image analysis automation and optimization of species-specific standardized protocols, cementochronology is mature for site-level experiments. Also, the groundbreaking evolution of noninvasive, 3D cementochronology opens opportunities to study the fossil record, from stem-mammals to our Homo lineage. The breadth of applications across disciplines is a testament to cementochronology as a unique tool to investigate age and season at death, mobility patterns, life-history events, or mammalian evolutionwhich should be deployed broadly in anthropology. The goal of this volume is to promote collaborative efforts and stimulate interdisciplinary opportunities to renew diverse anthropology themes using cementum in anthropology.