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2 results

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Chien-Huei Wu, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Book:
    Law and Politics on Export Restrictions
    Published online:
    09 July 2021
    Print publication:
    29 July 2021, pp 1-19

  • Summary

    The GATT/WTO regime is built on an export-bias, with trading nations aiming to export goods and services while keeping foreign producers from their domestic market so as to protect domestic producers from competition. Therefore, the vast majority of WTO rules are concerned with regulation on the liberalisation of import restrictions, tariffs and non-tariff barriers, but touch only lightly on export restrictions. The emphasis on the liberalisation of import barriers can be attributed to the built-in mercantilist tendencies of the GATT/WTO system – an arm of the post-World War II international economic order – and viewed as a direct response to the earlier erection of insurmountable import tariffs, which led to the Great Depression and the accompanying political turmoil. The weaknesses of such one-sided regulation out of export-bias are exposed by the proliferation of export restrictive measures adopted in the name of national security and in a time of pandemic. Export restrictions may pose great challenges to the global supply chain, given the geographical distribution of production chains out of economic globalisaiton, and exacerbate food insecurity of food-importing countries.

  • Demographic Methods to Assess Food Insecurity: A North Korean Case Study

  • W. Courtland Robinson, Myung Ken Lee, Kenneth Hill, Edbert Hsu, Gilbert Burnham
  • Journal:
    Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / December 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 June 2012, pp. 286-292
    Print publication:
    December 2001

  • In complex emergencies, especially those involving famine and/or wide-spread food insecurity, assessments of malnutrition are critical to understanding the population's health status and to assessing the effectiveness of relief interventions. Although the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) has benefited from some of the largest, most sustained appeals in the history of the World Food Program (WFP), the government in Pyongyang has placed restrictions on international efforts to gather data on the health and nutritional status of the affected population.

    Question: Lacking direct means to assess the nutritional status of the North Korean populace, what other methodologies could be employed to measure the public health impacts of chronic food shortage?

    The paper begins with a review of methods for assessing nutritional status, particularly in emergencies; a brief history of the North Korean food crisis (1995–2001), and a review of the available nutritional and health data on the DPRK. The main focus of the paper is on the results of a survey of 2,692 North Korean adult migrants in China. Recognizing certain biases and limitations, the study suggests that sample households have experienced an overall decline in food security, as evidenced by both the decline in government rations from an average of 120 grams per person per day to less than 60 grams per day, and by the increase in the percentage of households relying on foraging or bartering of assets as their principal source of food. It also is apparent that the period 1995–1998 has been marked by elevated household mortality, declining fertility, and steadily rising out-migration. Taken together, the signs point toward famine, whether that is defined as a discrete event—that is, as a regional failure in food production or distribution leading to elevated mortality from starvation and associated disease—or as a more complex social process whose sub-states include not only elevated mortality, but declining fertility, eating of alternative ‘famine foods’, transfer of assets, and the uprooting and separation of families.