International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Visit and search of neutral ship on high seas — Algerian conflict Italian merchant ship stopped by French warship off Sardinia and diverted to Bone — Whether State liable to compensate owner of ship.

Warfare at sea — Visit, search, capture and destruction — Of neutral merchantmen — Alaerian conflict — Italian merchant ship stopped by French warship off Sardinia and diverted to Böne — Whether State liable to compensate owner of ship — the law of France.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Visit, search and arrest by man-of-war in time of peace — Algerian conflict — Italian merchant ship stopped by French warship off Sardinia and diverted to Bône — Whether State liable to compensate owner of ship — The law of France.

Warfare at sea — Capture — Of enemy merchant vessel — Whether assimilable to removal of property from occupied territory.

Warfare at sea — Seizure — Of neutral merchant vessel — Subsequent capture after neutral State became belligerent.

Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Arbitral Commission on Property, Rights and Interests in Germany — “Party concerned” — Meaning of — In proceedings before the Commission.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Law administered by Prize Courts — Whether municipal or international law — Whether in case of conflict municipal law prevails — The law of Pakistan.

War — In general — Enemy character — Of ships — Of goods — Ship owned by company incorporated in neutral country but carrying on business in enemy territory — Cargo produced in enemy territory — Whether enemy property — Prize law — The law of Pakistan.

Warfare at sea — Prize law — Nature and extent of jurisdiction of Prize Courts — Law administered by — Whether municipal or international law — Whether in case of conflict municipal law prevails — The law of Pakistan.

Warfare at sea — Capture — Of neutral merchantmen — Ships owned by neutral company carrying on business in enemy territory — Commercial domicile in enemy territory — Cargoes produced in enemy territory — Whether ships and cargoes enemy property — Prize law — The law of Pakistan.

Warfare at sea — Prize law — Indemnities and damages — Detention of neutral ship carrying contraband — Whether prolonged detention justified by rights of maritime prize and visit — Compensation for unduly prolonged detention — The law of France.

Warfare at sea — Contraband — Carriage of contraband and doctrine of continuous voyage — Detention of neutral ship travelling to neutral port from which goods could be sent to enemy — Whether prolonged detention justified by rights of maritime prize and visit — The law of France.

Warfare at sea — Visit, search and capture — Of neutral merchantmen — Detention of ship carrying suspected contraband — Whether prolonged detention justified by rights of maritime prize and visit — The law of France.

Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Competence to review decisions of municipal organs — Arbitral Commission on Property, Rights and Interests in Germany.

Warfare at sea — Capture — Of enemy merchant vessel — Whether can be assimilated to removal of property from occupied territory.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Treaties of peace — Analogous instruments — Convention on Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1952–1954 — Restitution — Action for compensation for non-executed restitution — Vessel declared lawful prize — Whether subject to restitution.

State territory — International canals — Suez Canal — Rights of United Arab Republic in defence of Suez Canal — Constantinople Convention, 1888 — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — In general — Non-hostile relations between belligerents Armistice — Effects of Treaty of Rhodes, 1949, upon war between United Arab Republic and Israel — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — Termination of — Armistice — Treaty of Rhodes, 1949 — Whether special character of Armistice Agreement can terminate state of war — War between United Arab Republic and Israel — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Restrictions on right of capture — Property under neutral flag — Vessel flying neutral flag but owned or controlled by enemy — Whether cargo may be seized — Rights exercisable in time of war — Existence of state of war between United Arab Republic and Israel — Effect of Armistice Agreement — Treaty of Rhodes, 1949 — Visit and search of vessels and cargo in Suez Canal Constantinople Convention, 1888 — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Restrictions on right of capture — Property under neutral flag — Vessel flying neutral flag but owned or controlled by enemy — Whether cargo may be seized — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Recognition — Of Governments — Retroactive effect of — Effect of recognition through conclusion of peace treaty — Commencement of state of war between two States from date of declaration of war by Government now recognized in peace treaty — State of war between France and Japan — Recognition by Japan of new French Government in Peace Treaty of 1951 — Effect of such recognition on declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle in 1941.

War — In general — Commencement of war — Effect of declaration of war by Government — in — exile — Whether state of war existed between France and Japan in 1941 — Effect of Protocol between Vichy Government of France and Government of Japan concerning Joint Defence of Indo — China, 1941 — Effect of declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle.

Warfare at sea — Prize law — Jurisdiction of prize courts — Nature and extent of — Review of decisions of prize courts of defeated belligerent under Peace Treaty — Review in conformity with international law — Peace Treaty with Japan, Article 15 (a).

Warfare at sea — Visit, search and capture — Of enemy merchantmen — Right of — Enemy character of vessel — Relevance of nationality of owner — Relevance of intention in changing registration of ship — Legality of capture of ship in dock by marine units — Ship partially dismantled — Whether capable of being object of capture at sea — Status of port of Saigon in 1941 — Whether neutral territory — Effect of Protocol between France and Japan concerning Joint Defence of Indo-China — Effect of declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle — Application of Hague Convention on Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at Outbreak of Hostilities, 1907.

Warfare at sea — Prize law — Extent of jurisdiction of prize courts — Judgment of foreign prize court confiscating debt situate in forum State — Debt owed by German debtor represented by bonds issued in Germany and expressed in German currency — Bonds in England when confiscated by adjudication in prize — Whether English creditor deriving title from adjudication may claim recognition of title in Germany — Effect on creditor's claim of Convention on Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1954 — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Effect of foreign judgment confiscating debt owed by debtor in forum State — Adjudication in prize of German debt by English court — Debt represented by bonds held within jurisdiction of English court — Whether creditor deriving title from this judgment may apply for recognition of title in Germany — Effect on creditor's claim of Convention on Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1954 — The law of Germany.

War — Enemy character — Of ships — Neutral vessel chartered to enemy company — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Restrictions on right of capture — Enemy goods on vessel flying neutral flag — Vessel chartered to enemy company — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — Enemy character — Of goods — Goods destined to be used by organization in neutral country for assistance of the enemy — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Restrictions on right of capture — Property on vessel flying neutral flag — Shipment from one neutral country to another — Goods destined to be used by organization in neutral country to aid the enemy — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Restrictions on right of capture — Coastal fishing vessels and vessels employed in local trade — Such vessels engaged in assisting the enemy — Hague Convention No. XI of 1907 — The law of the United Arab Republic.

State territory — Parts of — International canals — Suez Canal — Convention of Constantinople, 1888 — Freedom of passage in time of war — Vessels of State at war with State through whose territory the Canal runs — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — Enemy character — Of ships — Ship flying neutral flag — Ship effectively controlled by enemy corporation — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — Enemy character — Of goods — Goods produced on enemy occupied territory and exported by the enemy — Relevance of nationality and domicile of owner — The law of the United Arab Republic.

War — Non–hostile relations between belligerents — Armistice — Continued exercise of rights of belligerent — Continuation of state of war — Armistice between Egypt and Israel, 1949 — The law of the United Arab Republic.

Warfare at sea — Capture of neutral merchantmen — Right of seizure of goods — Goods on vessel flying neutral flag — Vessel effectively controlled by enemy — Goods possessing enemy character — Rights of belligerent during armistice — Convention of Constantinople, 1888 — The law of the United Arab Republic.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Prize Courts — National Legislation in Matters of Prize and International Law — The Law of the Netherlands.

Warfare at Sea — Capture — Enemy Merchantmen — Flag as Test of Enemy Character — Ships Sailing Under Non — enemy Flag Deemed by Enactment to be Enemy Ships

Warfare at Sea — Restrictions on Right of Capture — Ships at Sea Unaware of Outbreak of Hostilities — Position Where All Belligerents Parties to Hague Convention No. VI — Relevance of Reciprocity — The Law of Holland

Prize Law — Nature and Jurisdiction of Prize Courts — The Law of the Netherlands

Prize Law — Jurisdiction of Prize Courts — Necessity for Procedural Rules — Incompetence of Court in Absence of Such

Enemy Character — Of Ships — Ships which are Neutral Property and Sailing under Non-Enemy Flag — Assimilation by Virtue of Dutch Legislation to Ships Under Enemy Flag — Ships of States with which Diplomatic Relations Have Been Servered and which have Taken Up an Attitude Contrary to Dutch Interests — Construction of Municipal Legislation — Non-Enemy Interests.

Warfare at Sea — Measures and Instruments of Force — Warship — Definition of — Whether Requisitioned Vessels Can be Warships.

Warfare at Sea — Measures and Instruments of Force — Conversion of Merchantmen — Requisitioned Vessels.

State Responsibility — For Breaches of Contractual Obligations — Breach of Concessionary Contract — Refusal to Pay Lighthouse Dues on Requisitioned Ships — Exemption for “Warships Properly So-called” — Meaning of — Conversion of Merchantmen.

Warfare at Sea — Measures and Instruments of Force — Warship — Definition of — Whether Requisitioned Vessels Can be Warships.

Belligerent Occupation — Respect for Private Property — Duty of Occupant to Pay Lighthouse Dues to Private Concessionaire Operating in Occupied Territory — Ships Requisitioned by Occupying Power — Whether Exempt from Dues — Whether Equivalent to Warships — Definition of “Warships”

Warfare at Sea — Restrictions on the Right of Capture — Enemy Vessels Entering Port in Ignorance of Existence of State of War — Belligerent Right of Capture — Hague Convention No. VI of 1907 — Period of Grace — Whether Legally Obligatory.

Warfare at Sea — Measures and Instruments of Force — Ninth Hague Convention of 1907 respecting Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War — Enforcement of Laws of War — Punishment of War Crimes — Treaties — Power of Municipal Courts to Apply and Interpret.

Warfare at Sea — Visit and Search — Neutral Ship — Reasonable Suspicion — Ship Ordered to Port for Further Examination — Loss of Ship and Cargo during Voyage — Responsibility for Loss — Whether Prize Crew Agents for Crown — Claim for Damage by Owners — Whether Original Detention Wrongful — Meaning of “Seizure” of Vessel.

States — Independence and Self-preservation — Self-defence — Right of.

Territory — Annexation — Annexation of Occupied Territory during War.

Jurisdiction — Extra-territorial Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals.

Individuals — Position in International Law — Rights of Individuals Independent of the Law of the State — Crimes against Humanity.

Laws of War — Binding Force of — Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege — Hague Regulations and Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, 1929 — Whether Declaratory of International Law.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Pleas of Superior Orders and of Act of State.

Prisoners of War — Treatment of — Employment of Prisoners of War in Prohibited Work — Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, 1929.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Offences against Civilian Inhabitants and Property in Occupied Territory.

Warfare at Sea — Unrestricted Submarine Warfare — Operational Zones — London Naval Agreement of 1930 — Naval Protocol of 1936.

War — In General — The Right of War1 — War in Violation of Treaties — Aggressive War — Right of Self-defence — General Treaty for the Renunciation of War of 1928 — War Crimes — Punishment of — International Military Tribunal — Constitution and Jurisdiction of — Offences against Civilian Inhabitants and Property in Occupied Territory — Offences against Prisoners of War — Killing of Hostages — Unrestricted Submarine Warfare — Hague Regulations and Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, 1929 — Whether Declaratory of International Law — Annexation of Territory during War — Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege — Pleas of Act of State and of Superior Orders.