Discusses Livorno’s evolving trade with the US in West Indian imports and fish and how the Napoleonic Wars and First Barbary War impacted trade. Also discusses the American consul’s role in mitigating conflict within the American communtiy and between Americans and Italians.

From the start of the United States’ violent, forced participation in World War II until the present day, the culture of the US Navy transformed significantly several times. All of these “cultural revolutions” – if we may call them that – influenced how the Navy fought after World War II, in both hot wars and cold. The enduring context of the post–World War II environment was the absence of any overt, large-scale warfare on the seas between the US Navy and the navies of those nations it engaged in limited war (e.g., North Korea, North Vietnam, and Iran), as well as the Cold War with the Soviet Red Banner Fleet. This made assessing the impact of culture on war-fighting effectiveness difficult. It employs the analytical methods of Edgar Schein in looking at the components and dynamics of organizational culture. However, the impact of these cultural changes on the combat effectiveness of the Navy remains opaque given an entire generation has passed since the 1990s. More research remains to be done on how events since the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001 changed the US Navy.