Damages — Compensatory damages — Damages awarded to victims of State-sponsored terrorism — Availability of foreign State-owned property for attachment in aid of execution of judgment for damages — Assets of central bank — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Section 1610 — Exceptions to immunity of State-owned property from attachment in aid of execution — Section 1611 — Assets of central bank immune from attachment in aid of execution — Terrorism Risk Insurance Act 2002 — Section 201(a) — Assets of terrorist party to be made available in aid of execution or attachment — Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act 2012 — Blocked assets of Government of Iran to be made available to the plaintiffs — Whether Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act 2012 violating United States Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Effect in municipal law — Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act 2012 — Whether United States statute violating 1955 Treaty

State immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Terrorism exception to State immunity — Whether foreign State-owned property immune from attachment in aid of execution of judgment for damages — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Terrorism Risk Insurance Act 2002 — Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act 2012 — Whether United States municipal law removing immunity of Iranian State property constitutional

Terrorism — State-sponsored terrorism — Damages — Ability of victims of State-sponsored terrorism to receive compensatory damages — State immunity — Ability of victims of State-sponsored terrorism to turn over State-owned property in aid of execution of judgment for compensatory damages

Treaties — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Effect in municipal law — Relationship between treaty and municipal law — Alleged conflict between treaty and municipal statute — Whether United States statute violating 1955 Treaty — The law of the United States

Aliens — Asylum claim — Refusal of asylum — Refusal of asylum overturned — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 12(2)(c) of European Council Directive 2004/83 — Whether asylum seeker guilty of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations — Whether conviction as member of leadership of terrorist organization sufficient — Whether commission or instigation of terrorist act required — Terrorism

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Refugee Convention, 1951 — European Union law — European Council Directive 2004/83/EC — Framework Decision 2002/475 — United Nations — Relevant Security Council resolutions — Meaning of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations

Treaties — Interpretation — Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Principles and purposes of United Nations — Whether participation in terrorist group contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations — Meaning and scope — Relevant Security Council resolutions — Resolution 1624 — Resolution 1377 — Resolution 2178

Terrorism — United Nations — Meaning of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations — Whether participation in terrorist group constituting acts contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations — Exclusion clause — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 12(2)(c) of European Council Directive 2004/83 — Whether acts contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations confined to terrorist offences defined in Article 1(1) of Framework Decision 2002/475 — The law of the European Union

Arbitration — Arbitral Tribunal of International Chamber of Commerce — Arbitral award — Damages — Failure to pay amount awarded — Enforcement proceedings — United Kingdom — Arbitration Act 1996 — Service of proceedings commenced in accordance with Arbitration Act 1996 — Whether service of proceedings must comply with State Immunity Act 1978 — Difficulty effecting service on defendant State

Comity — Comity of nations as an interpretative principle — Subjecting State to jurisdiction of the courts of another State — Procedure for service — State Immunity Act 1978 — Obligations of States in the marketplace — Commercial legal obligations of States

Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 — Access to jurisdiction of the courts — Relationship between Article 6 and State immunity — Whether requirement for service through diplomatic channels impeding Article 6 rights

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004 — State Immunity Act 1978 — Treaty provisions as an aid to interpretation of domestic law — Whether international custom existing at the time of passage of domestic law

State immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 — Service — Procedure for service — Whether Section 12(1) applicable — Whether arbitration claim form or enforcement order a document required to be served — Whether court having discretion to dispense with service on defendant State — Exceptional circumstances preventing service through diplomatic channels — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty of Guarantee between United Kingdom, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus, 1960 — Need for incorporation of international treaties — Effect of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 541 and 550 in international and domestic law

Recognition — Recognition of Northern Cyprus — Non-recognition of Northern Cyprus by United Kingdom — Acts amounting to recognition — Co-operation with law enforcement authorities of unrecognized entity

Jurisdiction — European Arrest Warrant — Jurisdiction over individuals from unrecognized States — Jurisdiction for crimes committed within England and Wales — Jurisdiction under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Human rights — Human Rights Act 1998 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 of European Convention prohibiting torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Article 6 of European Convention providing right to a fair trial — Conditions within prisons and courts of Northern Cyprus — Evidence relevant in European Convention on Human Rights claims — Extent of territorial jurisdiction — Whether claimant within jurisdiction of United Kingdom for purposes of European Convention — Whether claimant being granted permission to challenge provision of material to Northern Cyprus police on this ground — The law of England

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Diplomats’ children — Serious concerns about welfare of children — Immunity — Immunity from civil proceedings — Whether diplomatic immunity preventing local authority from seeking interim care orders — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether diplomatic immunity subject to prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment

Human rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 — Inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment — Human Rights Act 1998 — Diplomatic immunity — Relationship between prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment and diplomatic immunity — Whether diplomatic immunity preventing local authority from seeking interim care order — Whether failure to protect children a breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether taking action to protect children a breach of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Declaration of incompatibility

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Diplomatic immunity — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Serious concerns about welfare of diplomat’s children — Relationship between diplomatic immunity and human rights — Whether Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 and Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 incompatible with Human Rights Act 1998 and European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Treaties — Interpretation — Context and purpose — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 disturbed by provisions of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Whether conflict between Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 and European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Article 12(4) — Right not to be arbitrarily deprived of right to enter one’s own country — Cancellation of permanent visa — Whether visa cancellation contrary to Article 12(4) right — Whether procedural fairness requiring respondent to notify visa-holder of possible non-compliance with Article 12(4) and to invite submissions on same prior to cancellation — Whether potential non-compliance with Article 12(4) is mandatory relevant consideration — Decision in Teoh — Effect — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Relevance

Aliens — Visa cancellation — Migration Act 1958 (Cth) — Australia’s international obligations — Whether Minister required to consider international obligations if not arising from representations made on behalf of affected person — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Article 12(4) — Whether decision of Minister consistent with Article 12(4) — Decision in Teoh — Effect — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Relevance — The law of Australia

Territory — Non-self-governing territory — Western Sahara — Article 73 of United Nations Charter — Morocco’s occupation of Western Sahara — Whether Morocco exercising sovereignty over the territory — International Court of Justice Western Sahara Advisory Opinion — Whether cargo on board MV NM Cherry Blossom belonging to people of Western Sahara

Territory — Right to self-determination — Sovereignty of Western Sahara over natural resources — Exploitation of natural resources in non-self-governing territory — Whether natural resources from Western Sahara can be exploited and sold by Moroccan entities — United Nations framework for the lawful exploitation of the natural resources of a non-self-governing territory — Exploitation of natural resources needing to have the consent of, or benefit, the people of a non-self-governing territory — Whether natural resources mined with consent of people of Western Sahara — Whether exploitation to benefit of people of Western Sahara

State immunity — Whether Morocco’s legal interests affected — Act of State doctrine — Relationship between act of State doctrine and international law — Nature and ambit of act of State doctrine in South African law — Whether claim justiciable in South African courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — State immunity — Act of State doctrine — Whether any public international law principle preventing South African court from adjudicating matter — Whether adjudication by South African court could affect Morocco’s legal rights — The law of South Africa

Economics, trade and finance — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Multilateral investment tribunal — Investor rights — Whether creation of multilateral investment tribunal a transfer of State sovereignty — Competences of the European Union — Shared competence of indirect foreign investment

International tribunals — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Tribunal — Proposed multilateral investment tribunal — Jurisdiction of international tribunal — Jurisdiction of domestic courts — Whether creation of international tribunal ceding jurisdictional competence from domestic courts — Nature of jurisdiction exercised by international tribunals

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Ratification — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — European Union — Ireland — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement having effect in domestic legal order — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement transferring State sovereignty

Treaties — Application — Ratification — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Whether creating rights and obligations on level of international law only — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 by State in proposed manner unconstitutional — The law of Ireland

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Judgment of European Court of Human Rights — Whether providing ground for reassessment of conviction — Estonian Code of Criminal Procedure — Reopening of municipal proceedings — Estonian Constitution 1992 — Role of treaties in municipal legal order — Whether treaties having priority over municipal law in case of conflict — Duty to guarantee rights under European Convention — Amendment of municipal procedural law — Review of Estonian court cases — Whether reopening of municipal proceedings justified — Whether other effective means of remedy

Human rights — No punishment without law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 7(1) — Reopening of municipal proceedings — The law of Estonia

Aliens — Refugee status — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Involvement in terrorist activities in home country — Removal of migrants to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Migrants granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether granting of indefinite leave to remain appropriate — Whether restricted leave to remain policy unlawful

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Refugee status — Exclusion from protection — Involvement in terrorist activities in home country — Removal of migrants to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Migrants granted leave to remain — Long and lawful residence in the United Kingdom since involvement in terrorist offences — Whether constituting exceptional circumstance warranting settlement in the United Kingdom — Whether outweighing United Kingdom’s policy objectives not to provide safe haven to terrorists

Terrorism — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Refugee status — Exclusion from protection — Involvement in terrorist activities in home country — Migrants granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Long and lawful residence in the United Kingdom since involvement in terrorist offences — Whether constituting exceptional circumstance warranting settlement in the United Kingdom — Whether outweighing United Kingdom’s policy objectives not to provide safe haven to terrorists — Whether granting of indefinite leave to remain appropriate — United Kingdom’s policy objectives not to provide safe haven to terrorists — Whether restricted leave to remain policy unlawful

Human rights — Right to privacy and family life — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Whether conditions imposed upon migrants under restricted leave to remain policy interfering with their right to privacy and family life — Immigration Act 1971 — The law of England

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Freedom of the press — Legal restrictions limiting freedom of expression — Penal sanctions in laws which limit freedom of expression — Whether Section 24 of Cybercrimes Act 2015 violating Article 9(2) of African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 and Article 19(3) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Whether Nigeria violating applicant’s right to freedom of expression

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Human rights treaties — Treaty obligations — Cybercrimes Act 2015 — Compliance of Nigeria’s cybercrime law with regional and international treaty obligations — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981, Article 9(2) — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 19(3) — Revised Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States, 1993 — Whether Nigeria violating applicant’s right to freedom of expression

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Community Court of Justice of Economic Community of West African States — Admissibility of application — Whether Court having jurisdiction to examine domestic legislation of ECOWAS Member States — Whether allegation of human rights violation — Whether Court competent to examine the cause

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty not incorporated into municipal law — Whether minister required to take treaty into account — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Decision to designate third runway at Heathrow Airport — Airports National Policy Statement — Planning Act 2008 — Whether Paris Agreement taken into account by Secretary of State for Transport — Whether Secretary of State obliged to take Paris Agreement into account in designating Airports National Policy Statement — Directive 2001/42/EC — Whether Secretary of State obliged to refer to Paris Agreement in environmental report

Environment — Treaties — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Designation of third runway at Heathrow Airport — Whether failure to take Paris Agreement into account vitiating decision to designate third runway — Whether Secretary of State obliged to assess non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions

Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Article 8 — Whether failure to take Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 into account constituting unacceptable risk to life and to private life — The law of the United Kingdom

State immunity — Functional immunity — Foreign State officials — Immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction — Whether functional immunity applying to subordinate State officials — Customary international law

International criminal law — War crimes — Torture — Humiliating and degrading treatment — Gravity threshold — Universal jurisdiction — Afghanistan — Taliban — Afghan military

Jurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction — War crimes — Functional immunity — Foreign State officials — Immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction — Whether functional immunity applying to subordinate State officials for war crimes committed abroad — Whether precluding criminal prosecution by domestic court

Relationship of international law and municipal law — General rules of international law — State immunity — War crimes committed by foreign State subordinate official in exercise of official functions to detriment of foreign national — Functional immunity — Whether precluding criminal prosecution by domestic court

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Afghan military in conflict with non-State armed groups, including Taliban — Law of armed conflict — The law of Germany

Aliens — Refugee status — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Alleged complicity in genocide — Migrants granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether grant of indefinite leave to remain appropriate — Public interest

War and armed conflict — International crimes — Genocide — Complicity in genocide — Whether person allegedly involved in genocide should be granted indefinite leave to remain in United Kingdom

Relationship of international law and municipal law — International crimes — Whether a person’s lawful behaviour since alleged involvement in international crimes to outweigh public interest of denying settlement in United Kingdom — United Kingdom duties to the international community — The law of England

Arbitration — ICSID Tribunal — Award — Summary judgment — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Attachment and execution — Application for stay — Whether action for attachment and execution meeting reasonable time requirement under United States Code 1610, Title 22 — Whether action for attachment reasonable during Venezuelan political and humanitarian crisis

Relationship of international law and municipal law — ICSID arbitration award — Summary judgment in United States — United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28

Recognition — Governments — Representatives — Whether United States Court recognizing Maduro or Guaidó government lawyers as proper representatives of Venezuela — The law of the United States

Aliens — Refugee status — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Crimes against humanity — Removal of respondent to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Respondent granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether respondent entitled to indefinite leave to remain in United Kingdom — Public interest in removal of respondent to Pakistan appropriate — Whether compelling circumstances outweighing public interest

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Crimes against humanity — Removal of respondent to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Respondent granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — International crimes — Respondent’s lawful behaviour and family ties since alleged involvement in international crimes — Whether constituting compelling circumstances outweighing public interest in denying settlement in United Kingdom

International criminal law — Crimes against humanity — Denial of settlement in United Kingdom to those who have committed crimes against humanity — Whether proper weight given to this factor — United Kingdom’s international obligations — United Kingdom’s international standing — Purpose of Article 1F of Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Accountability for actions — Upholding international rule of law — Whether compelling circumstances to grant respondent indefinite leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether in public interest for respondent to be removed to Pakistan — The law of England

Aliens — Refugees — Applicants seeking refugee status in Hong Kong — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and 1967 Protocol (“Refugee Convention”) — Article 33(1) of Refugee Convention — Non-refoulement principle — Whether part of customary international law — Whether acquiring status of jus cogens — Determination of refugee status by Hong Kong Sub-Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“the UNHCR”) — Exercise of discretion by Director of Immigration — Whether Director of Immigration under legal obligation to determine refugee status — Whether Director of Immigration having legal obligation to inquire into non-refoulement claims

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Refugee Convention — Refugee Convention not extended to Hong Kong — Immigration Ordinance Cap. 115 1972 — Customary international law — Whether rule of customary international law prohibiting refoulement of refugees — Whether rule acquiring peremptory norm status — Whether rule incorporated into Hong Kong domestic law — Judicial review — Whether decision to refoule subject to judicial review — Whether high standard of fairness applicable

Sources of international law — Customary international law — Jus cogens — Whether rule of customary international law prohibiting refoulement of refugees — Whether rule acquiring peremptory norm status — The law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Role of European Court of Human Rights — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights and Russian Constitutional Court — Whether interdependent — Resolution in case of conflicting judgments — Supremacy of Russian law — Russian Constitution — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — International instruments — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Rights and duties — Rights of freedom of expression — Restrictions on rights — Whether necessary in democratic society — Public health and morals — Moral values — Relevance — Russian Constitution — Article 15(4) of Constitution — International law an integral part of Russian legal system — Implementation of international provisions — Constitutional recognition of traditional family values in Russian society — Respect for dignity of others and Russian morality — Prohibition of propaganda arousing hatred — Article 29(2) of Russian Constitution — Traditional family values in Russian society — Role of family — Russia’s legislative approach — Whether conforming with Russian Constitution — Whether contradicting International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 or European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007 — Rights of children — Traditional family values in Russian society — Russian Constitution — Protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse — Dissemination of information related to sexual self-determination — Whether information damaging to health and development of children — Whether Russia obliged to create conditions for propaganda, support and recognition of same sex union under Constitution or international law — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

International tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction — Whether Court having competence to review conformity of Russian legislation with European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Constitutional requirement to exhaust domestic remedies before appealing to interstate bodies for human rights protection — Article 46 of Russian Constitution — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights and Russian Constitutional Court — Whether interdependent — Resolution in case of conflicting judgments — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Human rights — Prohibition on discrimination — Equality of all persons — Human dignity — Right to private life — Freedom of speech — Sexual self-determination — Sexual discrimination — Right to disseminate information related to sexual self-determination — Whether exercise of right violating rights of others — Rights of minors — Balancing of rights — Moral values — Relevance — Whether public activity unconditionally lawful under Russian Constitution — Approach under international instruments — Duties and restrictions — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 13, 17, 19, 29 and 55 of Russian Constitution — Traditional family values in Russian society — Role of family — Russia’s legislative approach — Whether conforming to Russian Constitution — Whether contradicting International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 or European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution

Human rights — Rights of children — Traditional family values in Russian society — Russian Constitution — Protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007 — Dissemination of information related to sexual self-determination — Whether information damaging to health and development of children — Whether Russia obliged to create conditions for propaganda, support and recognition of same sex union under Constitution or international law — Section 1 of Article 6.21 of Russian Administrative Offences Code — Whether compatible with Russian Constitution — The law of the Russian Federation

Environment — Treaties — Interpretation — Climate change — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Annex I — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenario — Treaty interpretation

Human rights — Treaties — Interpretation — Application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Right to life — Article 8 — Right to private and family life — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands having positive obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions — Principle of effective interpretation of treaties — Right to effective protection

State responsibility — Partial responsibility — Climate change — Human rights — Global problem — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Paris Agreement, 2015 — Whether Netherlands partially responsible for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions — Individual responsibility

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Decisions of Conference of the Parties — Whether having effect in interpretation and application of domestic law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Right to life — Right to private and family life — The law of the Netherlands

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Judgments of European Court of Human Rights — Execution of judgments of European Court of Human Rights — Russian judgments — Whether European Court of Human Rights’ judgments providing grounds for reconsideration of decision in a civil case where opposing decision of Constitutional Court existing — Russian law — Article 392(4) of Russian Civil Procedure Code — The law of the Russian Federation